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Exploring Rhetoric, Style, and Literary Elements in English Literature

Welcome to the study of English literature, where we will explore iconic texts like Homer's "The Odyssey" and the works of Walt Whitman, the father of free verse. Understanding success in writing takes desire, determination, and diligence. We will review grammar, mechanics, and key rhetorical strategies essential for effective communication. Key elements of style, tone, and figurative language will be examined to enhance your writing skills. Embrace a positive attitude, practice good penmanship, and become a scholar of effective written expression.

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Exploring Rhetoric, Style, and Literary Elements in English Literature

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Do This And That

  2. Welcome to College English!

  3. Homer’s The Odyssey 1st epic poem You are not expected to know it all! 1st English novel Walt Whitman Father of free verse

  4. Success is a state of mind • Desire • Determination • Diligence

  5. Tips • Penmanship counts! • Be a scholar • Positive attitude

  6. Your ability to control the conventions of good writing is expected Grammar & Mechanics

  7. Terms of importance: • Phrase • Group of related words that does not contain a subject and verb • Clause • Independent: main clause/sentence • Has a subject and verb • Subordinate/dependent: has either a subject or verb • Modifies • To add meaning to • Antecedent • That which comes before

  8. A Review of Rhetoric You know, what you learned last year!

  9. Rhetoric is *the use of language to persuade*the effective use of language for a variety of purposes

  10. Rhetoric in literature • Determine the primary rhetorical effect, purpose, or function of a passage or section • Identify the central rhetorical strategy used in a passage • Determine the purpose, function, or rhetorical purpose of a sentence, phrase, clause, or word • Determine the effect of a rhetorical shift

  11. Key Terms • Abstraction • Abstract noun • Analogy • Antecedent • Antithesis • Catalog (list) • Circumlocution • Double entendre • Euphemism • Ethos • Hyperbole • Juxtaposition • Oxymoron • Paradox • Parody • Parallel structure • Pathos • Repetition • Rhetoric • Rhetorical strategy • Satire • Understatement • Verb phrase • Vernacular

  12. The Verbs of Rhetoric • Allege • Analyze • Argue • Assert • Broach • Characterize • Claim • Clarify • Discuss • Dramatize • Emphasize • Establish • Imply • Indicate • Observe • Paraphrase • Propose • Rebuff • Suggest • Support

  13. Basic Appeals • Needs • Sense of tradition • Ethics • Emotions • Logic/reason • Authority • Accepted values

  14. Stylistic Devices • Evocative or emotive language • Lists of relevant details • Figurative language • Imagery • Repetition • Parallel structure • Irony • Analogy

  15. Six main elements of style

  16. Diction • Word choice • Connotation • Denotation • Style • Authoritative • Emotive • Didactic • Objective • Ornate • Plain • Scholarly • Scientific

  17. Imagery • Types • Visual • Auditory • Tactile • Olfactory • Gustatory • Kinesthetic • Organic • Effects • Helps establish tone • Creates realistic settings • Creates empathy for characters • Helps readers imagine themselves as part of a narrative

  18. Tone • Emotional quality • Comes from imagery, diction, syntax • Mood • Emotional quality of the setting

  19. Syntax • Sentences impact the narrative pace of a passage, impacting the theme • Key notions become prominent through repetition or parallel structure • 3 keys • Prominence • Position • Pace

  20. Sentence Types & Attributes • Periodic • Loose • Parallel • Most important idea comes at the end • Most important idea is revealed early & sentence unfolds loosely after that • Contains parts of equal grammatical structure or rhetorical value in a variety of combinations

  21. Types of Repetition in Sentences • Anaphora • Repetition of same word/words @ beginning of a series of phrase, clauses, or sentences • Antistrophe • Repetition of same word/words @ end of successive phrases or clauses • Asyndeton • Conjunctions are omitted between words, phrases, or clauses • Chiasmus • Two corresponding pairs ordered a/b/b/a • Polysyndeton • Use of conjunctions between each word, phrase, or clause

  22. Point of View • First person • Second person • Third person limited • Third person omniscient • Objective

  23. Figurative Language • Allegory • Character allegory • Apostrophe • Irony (verbal, dramatic, situational) • Metaphor • Metonymy • Overstatement/hyperbole • Paradox • Personification • Simile • Syndecdoche • Symbol • Understatement

  24. Style & Tone Words

  25. Key Literary Terms

  26. Allusion • Allegory • Anecdote • Anti hero • Archetype • Atmosphere • Epiphany • Eulogy • Extended metaphor • Foil • Imagery • Invocation • Irony • Metaphor • Mood • Motif • Parable • Paradox • Parody • Soliloquy • Symbol • Syntax • Tone • Verisimilitude • Vernacular

  27. Elements of Classical Tragedy

  28. Catharsis • Purging of emotion • Chorus • Group that comments but doesn’t participate • Hamartia • Tragic flaw • Hubris • Excessive pride • Tragedy • Tragic hero experiences a fall from noble stature • Tragic hero • Person who falls from grace due to tragic flaw

  29. Literary Periods, Concepts & Authors Historical Context vs. Universality

  30. Romanticism (mid 19th C) • Valued feeling over reason • Valued the individual, but recognized the alienation of the individual • Literature characterized by • elements of the supernatural • appreciation for the beauty of nature • personal introspection

  31. Transcendentalism (mid 19th C) • Offshoot of Romanticism led by Alcott, Thoreau & Emerson • Favored self-reliance & non-conformity • Sought to see the sublime in the ordinary • Believed that to transcend was to reach beyond ordinary experience – self perfection was an aim

  32. Realism (mid to late 19th C) • Pre- and post-Civil War • Writers • rejected sentimentality • wanted to represent true life experience, including the way people really acted and spoke • Shunned flowery diction & romanticism • Rise of women’s movement

  33. Regionalism (19th C) • Extension of Realism • Focus on local setting, customs, dialects

  34. Naturalism (19th C) • Extension of Realism • Themes are darker • crime • poverty • prejudice • Naturalist writers tried to understand scientific or psychological reasons behind behavior

  35. Imagism (early 20th C) • Movement in poetry that favored the use of images as the things themselves • Motto: “The natural object is always the adequate symbol.” • Willingness to play with forms • Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams

  36. The Lost Generation (1914-) • Phrase coined by Gertrude Stein, made popular by Ernest Hemingway • Referred to the generation who lost fathers, husbands, sons, and brothers in World War 1 & who felt aimless & without foundation • Disillusioned by traditional American values & became expatriots, choosing to leave the US for Europe, Mexico & elsewhere (Paris was a favorite)

  37. Harlem Renaissance (1920s) • Explosion of African American art, dance, music, and literature • Primarily centered in Harlem, NY • Langston Hughes is seen as the symbol of the period

  38. Modernism (1918-1945) • Prolific period between the end of World War 1 & the end of World War 2 • Alienation & the loss of the individual to the machine are major themes

  39. Post Modernism (1945-) • Begins with detonation of atom bombs in Japan to end World War 2 • Key markers • Post-apocalyptic themes • Satire • The absurd • Anti-heroes • Rise of multiculturalism & diverse voices • Themes • Alienation due to race, gender & sexual orientation • Intolerance • Political & social oppression

  40. Beat Movement (1950s) • Led by Allen Ginsberg (poet) & Jack Kerouac (novelist) • Rejected mainstream American values & embraced nonconformity & Eastern philosophy • Forefather of the 1960s counter-culture movement

  41. Gonzo Journalism (1970-) • Named by Hunter Thompson • Refers to a new kind of journalism where the writer can be part of the story, blending fact & fiction

  42. Magical Realism (1960s-) • Magical or supernatural elements appear in otherwise realistic circumstances • First considered an element of painting • Associated with Latin American writers

  43. Creative Nonfiction (late 20th & early 21st C) • Genre blends elements of literature with nonfiction • Includes • memoir • travel & place essays • personal narratives

  44. Literary Timeline *for reference

  45. Common Novel Types

  46. Bildungsroman • Novel of education/coming of age • Dystopian • Apparent Utopian society where human life is somehow diminished • Epistolary • letters • Gothic • Dark, mysterious setting - melodramatic • Historical • Novella • Novel of manners • Details social customs of an era or group • Picaresque • Episodes starring a picaro (rogue) • Social • Concerned with the effect of societal institutions/conditions • Utopian • Ideal society

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