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Lecture 20 Solar Energy. Chapter 12. Table 12-1, p. 388. Fig. 12-1, p. 389. Photoelectric Effect. Fig. 12-3, p. 391. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svg. Type. Typical module efficiency [%]. Maximum recorded module efficiency [%].
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Lecture 20 Solar Energy Chapter 12
Photoelectric Effect Fig. 12-3, p. 391
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svg
Type Typical module efficiency[%] Maximum recorded module efficiency[%] Maximum recorded laboratory efficiency[%] Single crystalline silicon 12-15 22.7 24.7 Multicrystalline silicon 11-14 15.3 19.8 Amorphous silicon 5-7 - 12.7 Cadmium telluride - 10.5 16.0 CIGS* - 12.1 18.2 * copper indium gallium diselenide http://www.iea-pvps.org/pv/materials.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PVeff%28rev110707%29d.jpg
The solar spectrum can be approximated by a black body of 5900 K which results in a very broad spectrum ranging from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. A semiconductor, on the other hand, can only convert photons with the energy of the bandgap with good efficiency. Photons with lower energy are not absorbed and those with higher energy are reduced to gap energy by thermalization of the photogenerated carriers. Therefore, the curve of efficiency versus bandgap goes through a maximum. http://lem.ch.unito.it/didattica/infochimica/2006_Complessi dipiridilici del rutenio/silicio.html
World's Largest PV Power Plants 60 MW Spain, Olmedilla 50 MW Spain Puertollano 46 MW Portugal, Moura 40 MW Germany, Brandis 34 MW Spain, Arnedo 30 MW Spain, Osa de la Vega & Merida 28 MW Spain, Casas de Los Pinos 26 MW Spain, Fuente Alamo 24 MW Korea Sinan 23,1 MW Spain, Abertura (Caceres) 23 MW Spain, Hoya de Los Vincentes, Jumilla (Murcia) 21,2 MW Spain, Calavéron 20 MW Spain, Trujillo (Cáceres) 20 MW Spain, Beneixama (Alicante) 18 MW Korea, SinAn 14 MW USA, Nellis, NV 13,8 MW Spain, Salamanca 12,7 MW Spain, Lobosillo (Murcia) 12 MW Spain, Villafranca (Navarra) http://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv.php
World's Largest PV Power Plants (cont’d) • 12 MW Gut Erlasse, Germany • 11 MW* Serpa, Portugal 52,000 modules • 10 MW Pocking, Germany 57,912 solar modules • 6.3 MW Mühlhausen, Germany 57,600 solar • 5.2 MW Kameyama, Japan 47,000 square meters on Sharp LCD factory roof • 5 MW Bürstadt, Germany 30,000 BP solar modules • 4,200 MW·hn.a.5 MW Espenhain, Germany 33,500 Shell solar modules • 5,000 MW·hn.a.4.59 MW Springerville, AZ, USA 34,980 BP solar modules • 4 MW Geiseltalsee, Merseburg, Germany 25,000 BP solar modules • 4 MW Gottelborn, Germany 50,000 solar modules (when completed) 8,200 MW·h • 3.9 MW Rancho Seco, CA, US . • 3.3 MW Dingolfing, Germany Solara, Sharp and Kyocera solar modules • 3.3 MW Serre, Italy 60,000 solar modules
Solar Comparison • The largest solar plant, the solar trough-based SEGS in California produces 350 MW • Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) SEGS is owned and operated by FPL Energy. • The facility has a total of 400,000 mirrors and takes up 1,000 acres (4 km²). See also: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/02/25/world%E2%80%99s-largest-solar-power-plant-coming-to-arizona-in-2011/
Gossamer Penguin (1979, Venice Beach, CA)3921 solar cells produced 541 watts
Solar Challenger set an initial altitude record of 14,300 feetin 1981
Solar Craft Accomplishments • Pathfinder, part of NASA's ERAST program to develop remotely piloted, long-duration aircraft for environmental sampling and sensing at altitudes above 60,000 feet. On September 11, 1995, Pathfinder exceeded Solar Challenger's altitude record for solar-powered aircraft by a long margin when it reached 50,500 feet at Dryden. • In April 1997, an upgraded Pathfinder set a new record of 71,530 feet for solar-powered aircraft on July 7, 1997. • Further modified with longer wings, improved motors, and more efficient solar array, Pathfinder-Plus (as it was now called) flew to still another record of 80,201 feet at the PMRF on August 6, 1998. In the process, it stayed above 70,000 feet for almost three and a half hours while carrying 68 pounds of test instrumentation and other payload. • Helios, expected to fly to 100,000 feet and stay aloft for months http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-034-DFRC.html
Spray-On Solar-Power Cells Are True BreakthroughNational Geographic News • The plastic material uses nanotechnology and contains the first solar cells able to harness the sun's invisible, infrared rays. The breakthrough has led theorists to predict that plastic solar cells could one day become five times more efficient than current solar cell technology. • Like paint, the composite can be sprayed onto other materials and used as portable electricity. A sweater coated in the material could power a cell phone or other wireless devices. A hydrogen-powered car painted with the film could potentially convert enough energy into electricity to continually recharge the car's battery.
