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Understanding Cancer: Causes, Types, and Prevention Strategies

Cancer affects millions worldwide, with significant incidence rates across various demographics. Both men and women can develop cancer, with risk increasing with age. Primary causes include lifestyle factors like smoking and diet, as well as genetics and environmental influences. Common types include breast, lung, and melanoma. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment, making awareness of symptoms and regular screenings vital. Lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the risk. Let’s explore these aspects of cancer and how you can take proactive steps for prevention.

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Understanding Cancer: Causes, Types, and Prevention Strategies

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  1. Cancer

  2. Who gets cancer? • One million each year • ____ men • 1/3 women • Any age • However, 77% dx ages 55 + • Incidence rate varies

  3. What Causes Cancer? • Primary Contributors: • Behavior & Lifestyle • Smoking • Diet • ____________ • Exposure to ultraviolet light • Sexual Behavior • Other Contributors: • Genetics • Environment

  4. What is Cancer? • Out-of-control growth of abnormal cells • Damaged _______ • Can be inherited • Can be environment

  5. Forms as a tumor (usually) • Not all tumors are cancerous • e.g., ___________ (non-cancerous) tumors • 2nd leading cause of death in U.S.

  6. Common Cancer Types ________________ Bladder Breast Colon & Rectal Endometrial Kidney (Renal Cell) Leukemia Lung Melanoma Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Pancreatic Prostate Thyroid

  7. What can you do? • The risk of developing most types of cancer can be reduced by changes in a person’s ____________. • Today, millions are either living with or have been cured of the disease. • The sooner cancer is found and treatment begins, the better the chances of being cured.

  8. Melanoma • Joshua Keller

  9. Skin Cancer • One of the more common cancers • Three basic types: Squamous cell, Basal cell, and Melanoma • Melanoma – Begins in ____________, which are cells that are responsible for our pigment which is called melanin. (The Melanoma Research Foundation)

  10. Melanoma • Most ____________ cancer of the skin • Melanocytes • Lower Epidermis • Melanin Production

  11. 5 Stages • Stages 1-2 are still dealing with epidermis • By stage 3 the cancer has metastasized to the ________ _________ • By stage 4 cancer has spread to multiple organs • By stage 5 the body is overwhelmed with the cancer

  12. What to Look for • Learn what to look for. • __________ (Nevi) are normal (on average between 10 and 40) • Potential melanoma ( Know Your ABCD’s)

  13. ABCD’s Asymmetrical Border Irregularity __________ varied Diameter larger (The Melanoma Research Foundation)

  14. Facts • Can occur on any skin surface • Also occurs in other ____________ • More likely in __________-skinned Caucasians • Increased risk as you age • One of the most common cancers among young people http://www.cancerventer.com

  15. More facts • Epidemic growth at 3% every year • Melanoma 5% of all skin cancers • Currently more new cases each year than ____________ • Why such an increase? • Sun exposure • More sun exposure (The Melanoma Research Foundation)

  16. Increasing Risk • Severe Sunburns • Tanning Misconceptions • Fair skin • www.cancer.gov/newscenter/individualmelanoma

  17. Important!!!!!! • Remember ____________ • Limit sun exposure • Consistently check your body

  18. Breast Cancer Jenni Sanders

  19. Risk Factors • Age: very uncommon ___________________ • Family history: higher if her mother, sister, or daughter had it before 40 • Obesity: higher levels of estrogen in these women National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer. (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  20. Risk Factors Cont. National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer. (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S. • Physical inactivity: ↓ activity ↑ risk • ________ beverages: ↑ __________ intake ↑ risk • Others: personal history, reproductive and menstrual history, race, radiation exposure, taking DES

  21. Diagnostics • Mammogram, MRI, PET, Ultrasonography, Biopsy • MRI is the new leader in detection for women with hereditary risk (Robson and Offit, 2004) • Self-Exam • Monthly • Does not replace regular screening http://www.mri.jhu.edu/~dbluemke/Breast_MRI_pic.html National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer. (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  22. Diagnostics Cont. • Clinical Breast Exam • Symptoms • Lump or thickening in breast or underarm areas • _______________ • Change in appearance • Fluid National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer. (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  23. Stage 0: Lobular Ductal Stage 1: Tumor is no more than 2cm, cells contained in breast only Stage 2: No more than 2cm, ___________ has occurred, or Tumor size 2-5cm, may have spread, or Tumor is larger than 5cm, no spreading Stages National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  24. Stage 3: May be large but no spreading, called “____________ cancer” IIIa: spreading to underarm lymph nodes IIIb: tumor has grown into chest wall or skin of the breast IIIc: more lymph node spreading other than underarm nodes Stage 4: ____________ cancer Other parts of body affected Stages Cont. National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  25. Treatments • ____________ therapy: surgery and radiation • Surgery is the most common • Includes lumpectomy or mastectomy options • Radiation usually after surgery National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  26. Treatments Cont. • ____________ therapy: chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy • Chemotherapy: drugs injected or a pill • Hormonal therapy: • Use of a drug to block estradiol • Surgery to remove ovaries • Biological therapy • Herceptin: a monoclonal antibody National Cancer Institute. (2003). What you need to know about breast cancer (NIH Publication No. 03-1556). Bethesda, MD: U.S.

  27. Statistics • “A woman’s chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer is: • from age 30 through age 39 . . . . . . 0.44 percent (often expressed as “1 in 229”) • from age 40 through age 49 . . . . . . 1.46 percent (often expressed as “1 in 68”) • from age 50 through age 59 . . . . . . 2.73 percent (often expressed as “1 in 37”) • from age 60 through age 69 . . . . . . 3.82 percent (often expressed as “1 in 26”) .” American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc.

  28. Statistics Cont.

  29. Statistics Cont. • Overall Survival Rate  • After 5 years- 88% • After 10 years- 80% •   After 15 years- 71% •   After 20 years- ____%  American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc.

  30. Cancer Prevention Elizabeth Hill

  31. General Prevention • _______________________: DFN- the use of natural or synthetic substances to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur. National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopicss/factsheet/Prevention/chemoprevention)

  32. General Prevention cont. • ____________ and Cancer Prevention:compounds slow or prevent the growth of tumor cells • Red Wine & Cancer Prevention: Polyphenols National Cancer Institue (http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet

  33. Breast Cancer Prevention • Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) DFN- drugs that have some anti-estrogen properties and some estrogen-like properties

  34. Breast Cancer Prevention cont. • Tamoxifen -Breast Cancer Prevention trial

  35. Breast Cancer Prevention cont. • Preventive mastectomy DFN- surgery to remove one or both ____________ in effort to prevent or reduce the risk of breast cancer

  36. Breast Cancer Prevention cont. Procedures Involved • Total mastectomy • _____________________ mastectomy -Reduce risk by about 90% Information on the past four slides was obtained from: National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/breast/Patient/page2)

  37. Skin Cancer Prevention • Limit direct sun exposure between ___ am to 4pm • Cover up • Use sunscreen w/ SPF of 15 or higher

  38. Skin Cancer Prevention Cont. • Wear sunglasses that block UV rays • Avoid tanning __________________________ Information on the past two slides was retrieved from: (http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/ped_7_1_Skin_Cancer_Detection_What _You_Can_Do.asp?sitearea=PED

  39. Tips for Daily Cancer Prevention 1.Stop Smoking! 2. Eat a healthy diet 3. Use alcohol in moderation

  40. Tips for Daily Cancer Prevention 4. Avoid exposure to UV rays 5. Exercise ____________ • Recognizing occupational & environmental hazards Information on the past two slides was retrieved from: Journal of the American Medical Association (Ovid: Torpy:JAMA, Volume291(20).May 26, 2004.2510

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