DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA

1. DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA Hartutik Fapet UB Malang, 2009

2. Komposisi Tubuh Ternak Variasi Tergantung Pada : 1. Umur Ternak 2. Kondisi Ternak 3. Spesies 4. Pakan yang diberikan

3. Persentase Komposisi Tubuh Hewan*) *) Dikurangi isi alat pencernaan.

4. Komposisi Tubuh Ternak Plasma darah 90-92% Urat Daging 72-78% Tulang 45% Email Gigi 5% 1. Air Otot Bulu Jaringan Lain 2. Protein Komposisi Tubuh Jaringan Adiposa Organ Dalam Lain 3. Lemak Glukosa Glikogen Laktosa 4. Karbohidrat Ca 1,33% K 0,19% P 0,74% Cl 0,11% Na 0,16 % S 0,15% Mg 0,04% 5. Mineral

5. Komposisi Pakan Ternak Kering Basah Legume Non legume 1. Rouhgage Bahan Pakan Asal hewan Asal nabati Biji2an Minyak Bv product 2. Konsentrat Vitamin Mineral Nutrien Non nutrien 3. Additive Antibiotik Hormon Enzim, dll

6. Faktor yg MempengaruhiKebutuhan Zat Makanan 1. Spesies 2. Umur 3. Jenis Kelamin 4. Tujuan Pemeliharaan 5. Berat Badan 6. Keadaan Fisiologi, dll

7. Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak Protein Murni NPN Protein Karbohidrat Lemak 1. Air BeTn SK Zat Makanan BO Sederhana Majemuk Vit LarutLemak Esensial Non Esensial 2. BK Abu

8. Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak AA esensial AA semi esensial AA non esensial Protein Murni NPN • Amin • AA bebas • Urea Monosakarida Disakarida Polisakarida Vit Larut Air BeTn SK • Selulosa • Hemise- • lulosa • Polisakarida • tak larut • Lignin Asam lemak Sterol Sederhana Majemuk Vit LarutLemak • Lemak netral • Posfolipid • (Lecithin)) • Lilin Vit Larut Lemak

9. ZAT MAKANAN

10. Zat Makanan Nutrients- any food product that functions in the support of life Six classes: • Water • Carbohydrates • Fats • Proteins • Minerals • Vitamins

11. Water • Hydrogen + Oxygen • H2O – Water = Moisture ↓ ↓ Drink Water in feed Functions: • Metabolic reactions • Transporting nutrients and wastes • Maintains temperature • Major component of cell walls • Body made up of 60 – 70 %

21. Carbohydrates • Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Primary function: • Source of energy • Located in plant and animal tissues • Simple carbohydrate- starches (grains) • Complex carbohydrate- cellulose (component of cell walls)

22. Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose • Disaccharides • Sucrose (Glucose + fructose) • Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) • Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)

23. Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates • Cellulose • Ruminants require microbial fermentation to break down complex carbohydrates

24. Fats • Also considered lipids • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • Functions: • Energy • 2.5 times more energy / unit

25. Fats • Sources: • Fats- solid at room temperature • Oils- liquid at room temperature • Saturated fats • Unsaturated fats • Monounsaturated • Polyunsaturated

26. Fats • Saturated fats C-C-C • Solid animal fats • Body can make • Unsaturated fats C=C=C • Monounsaturated C-C=C-C • One double bond • Polyunsaturated fats C=C=C • Two or more double bonds • Corn oil, Soybean oil

27. Fats • Dietary essential fatty acids • Linoleic • Digestion of Fat Soluble vitamins ~ A,D,E,K • More of an issue in confinement fed animals • Added to the diet for • Reduce dust • Improve texture • Improve palatability

28. Proteins • Contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen • Chains of Amino Acids • Essential amino acids • Must be provide through the diet • Ruminants add in microbial growth • Non-essential amino acids • Required but the body can synthesize them

29. Essential AA’s Histidine Arginine Lysine Isoleucine Methionine Leucine Threonine Valine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Nonessential AA’s Alanine Asparganine Aspertic acid Cysteine Cystine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Hydroxyproline Proline Serine Tyrosine Essential & Nonessential Amino Acids

30. Esensial Non Esensial Semi Esensial • H istidin • A rginin • L isin • L eusin • I soleusin • M etionin • V alin • P henilalanin • T riptoohan • A lanin • A sam Glutamat • A sam Aspartat • A sparagin • G lisin • G lutamin • S erin • P rolin • H idroksi Prolin • S istin • H idroksilisin • T irosin

31. Protein • Functions: • Building blocks • Muscle, bone, connective tissue, milk production and cellular repair • Blood • Enzymes

32. Minerals • Macro minerals • Required in large amounts • Micro minerals • Required in trace amounts • Trace minerals

33. Macrominerals Calcium Chorine Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Sulfur Microminerals Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc Micro and Macro Minerals

34. Vitamins • Organic (contain carbon) • Needed in small amounts • Functions: • 16 vitamins • Interact and need with minerals

35. Vitamins • Sources • Fat soluble • Synthesized by ruminants • A, D, E, and K • Water soluble • Not synthesized by monogastrics, except horses, which takes place in cecum • B vitamins and C

36. KLASIFIKASI PAKAN

37. KLASIFIKASI BMT Didasarkan atas : 1. A S A L  Tanaman : - Hijauan segar - Hijauan kering - Hijauan awetan (silase, hay) - Jerami - Umbi-umbian - Butir-butiran/biji-bijian (padi, legum) - Kulit butir-butiran/biji-bijian - Limbah pertanian, industri minyak tanah dan industri lain  Hewan : - ikan - ternak / hewan lain  Makanan tambahan  Stimulator (growth + production)

38. Classification of Feeds • Hijauan Kering dan Jerami • Hijauan Segar • Silase • Sumber Energy • Sumber Protein • Sumber Mineral • Sumber Vitamin • Non-nutritive additives

39. Dry forages and roughages • 18% crude fiber, low TDN • High in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin • Protein variable • Harvest date critical • Examples

40. Dry forages and roughages • Examples: • Legumes • Alfalfa • 17% CP • Grass • Native grass • 12-13% CP • Other • Stalks • Corn cob husks • Soybean hulls 11% CP • Cottonseed hulls

41. Pasture, range plants, and green forages • Types: • Native • 5,000 species • Cool / warm season • Cool – Brome • Warm – Native • Small grains • Wheat • Rye • Legumes • Alfalfa, Clovers • Problem due to Bloat

42. Pasture, range plants, and green forages • Bloat: • Legumes cause excessive production of foams in the rumen • Foam inhibits the ability to eructate (Belch) • Gases form causing bloat • Animals cant breath • Anti-frothing agents • Bloat guard in blocks/mineral

43. Silages • Variety of feed stuffs • Grasses • Legumes~ alfalfa, clovers • Grains~ corn, sorghum • Small Grains • ~ oats, rye

44. Silages • Storage results in fermentation • Anaerobic bacteria • Bacteria produce lactic acid • Lowers pH to 4.0 or lower • High levels of heat 80-100oF • Optimum moisture content • 25-35% Dry Matter 75 – 65% Moisture • To dry will burn up

45. Storage facilities • Bags, silos, bunkers

46. Energy feeds • <18 crude fiber (or <35% cell wall) <20% CP • High in starch – grains • Examples: • Corn, 9%CP • Barley, high starch feed, <11% CP • Oats 12% • Wheat, 14% CP

47. Energy feeds • Storage ~ very important • Future • Grains that are high in needed trait • High levels of Lysine • Low Levels of Phosphorus

48. Protein supplements • Most critical, most expensive • Function: • Building blocks • Examples: • Animal • Plant

49. Protein supplements Examples: • Animal origin: highest-readily available offer A.A. • Meat - • Blood - • Fish - • Feather - • Plant origin • Soybean meal- 44% • By-products • Distillers grain - 25 • Corn gluten - 25-30% • Soybean Hulls - • Non-protein nitrogen: not readily available a.a. • Urea 281% CP 80-90%

50. Mineral supplement Concentrated or blended – carriers • Mixed with diet • Cost effective • Fed free choice • May over consume • Different vitamins and minerals in containers • Animals choose??? • Salt