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A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e. Chapter 2 Introducing Operating Systems. Chapter Concepts. Various operating systems Historical Current Components of Windows operating systems How operating systems interface with Users Files and folders Applications Hardware.

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A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

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  1. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e Chapter 2 Introducing Operating Systems

  2. Chapter Concepts • Various operating systems • Historical • Current • Components of Windows operating systems • How operating systems interface with • Users • Files and folders • Applications • Hardware A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  3. Operating Systems Past And Present • Operating system (OS): software that controls a computer • OS services • Manages hardware • Runs applications • Provides an interface for users • Retrieves and manipulates files • OS acts as a “middleman” • Computer needs only one operating system A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  4. Windows Operating Systems A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  5. Figure 2-1 Users and applications depend on the OS to relate to all applications and hardware components A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  6. DOS (Disk Operating System) • First OS used by IBM computers/compatibles, about 1984 • Command line driven set of programs • 16-bit processing • Outdated as desktop computer operating system • Still available on troubleshooting disks or CDs • Commands invaluable when GUI not working A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  7. DOS Shell – semi-graphical interface; 1988 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  8. Windows 3.X • Refers to Windows 3.1 and Windows 3.11 • DOS is the actual operating system • Provides user-friendly intermediate program between: • DOS, applications, and the user • Features: • Graphical user interface (GUI) • Windows desktop • Windows concept • Ability to keep more than one application open at the same time A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  9. Figure 2-3 Windows 3.x was layered between DOS and the user and applications to provide a graphics interface for the user and a multitasking environment for applications A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  10. Windows 9x/ME • Refers to Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me • True operating system, but used some elements of DOS core • Used combination of 16-bit and 32-bit processing • No longer supported by Microsoft, but still on some computers • Information about Windows 9x/Me on CD with text A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  11. Windows NT • Two versions of Windows NT (New Technology): • Windows NT Workstation for desktops – high-end users • Windows NT Server to control a network • Microsoft completely rewrote OS core • Totally eliminates DOS core • Introduced many new problems • First Windows OS to do all processing 32 bits at a time A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  12. Windows 2000 • Upgrades Windows NT (desktop and server) • Came in several versions • Popular desktop OS • Improvements • Stable environment, Plug and Play support • Device Manager, Recovery Console, Active Directory • Better network support • Features specifically targeting notebook computers • Targeted towards corporate environment • Not backward compatible • No longer supported by Microsoft; still in existance A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  13. Windows XP • Released in 2001; XP is for “eXPerience” • Integrates Windows 9x/Me and Windows 2000 • Two main versions: Home Edition and Professional • Noteworthy new features: • Allows multiple users to log on simultaneously, each with their own applications open • Incorporates Windows Messenger and Media Player • Adds advanced security, such as Windows Firewall • Stable – three service packs • Service pack: major update or fix to an OS • Patch: minor fix • As of Dec 2009 had 61.6% market share; peaked at 76.1% in January 2007 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  14. Windows Vista • Upgrade from Windows XP, comes in five versions • Home Basic • Home Premium • Business • Enterprise • Ultimate • Aero user interface • New 3D user interface (not available on all versions) • Windows XP Start button replaced by Vista sphere with a Windows flag • Complaints • Lack of backward compatibility • Large amount of computer resources required • Slow performance A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  15. Windows 7 • Next generation of Microsoft OS • Should correct Vista complaints • Expected to run on netbooks as well as PCs • Low-end inexpensive laptop with small 9- or 10-inch screen, no optical drive • Generally used for Web browsing, e-mail, word processing A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  16. MAC OS • Introduced in 1984 with Macintosh computers • Current version: Mac OS X (ten) • Several releases; current release is Leopard • Can work on Intel-based computers • Boot Camp dual boot software by Apple available • VMWare Fusion creates a virtual machine • Features: • Support for graphics and multimedia capabilities • Use of the Finder program to provide the desktop • Superior Plug and Play capabilities • Excellent support for multitasking A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  17. Linux • Variation on UNIX • OS kernel and source code freely distributed • Many popular distributions • Well suited for server applications • Sometimes used as a desktop OS • Not easy to install, use • Fewer applications than Windows, MAC OS • Used on netbooks (Small footprint) • Embedded operating system on mobile devices • Excellent training tool for learning Unix A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  18. Linux (cont’d.) • Shell • Relates to the user and to applications • First Linux, Unix shells • Commands entered at a command prompt • Two popular command-line shells for Unix, Linux • Older Bourne shell, newer Bourne-Again shell (BASH) • Many users prefer Windows-style GUI desktop • Built using X Windows • Most popular GUI shells • GNOME, KDE, Xfce A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  19. How Windows 2000/XP/Vista Works • Windows 2000, XP, Vista • Three evolutions • Same basic operating system • Many things in common • Way they are built • Main components • User interface • Other interfaces • Four main functions A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  20. What an Operating System Does • Four functions common to all operating systems • Providing a user interface • Pass commands into the system • Get results out of the system • Managing files • Creating, storing, retrieving, deleting, moving • Managing applications • Installing, un-installing, running, managing application/hardware interface • Managing hardware • Permanent programs (BIOS); memory and other devices A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  21. Components of Windows • Shell: relates to the user and to applications • Kernel: responsible for interacting with hardware • Configuration data • Information OS keeps about hardware, applications, data, users • Shell made up of subsystems • Operate in user mode • Subsystems have limited access to system information and can access hardware only through other OS services • Win32 security subsystem A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  22. Figure 2-10 Inside an operating system, different components perform various functions

  23. Components of Windows (cont’d.) • Windows kernel • More power to communicate with hardware devices than the shell has • Operates in kernel mode • Applications cannot get to hardware devices without the shell passing those requests to the kernel • Two main components • The HAL (hardware abstraction layer) • Executive services interface A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  24. Components of Windows (cont’d.) • Configuration data • Used when OS first loaded and when needed by hardware, applications, users • Stored in: • Registry • Initialization files (.ini, .inf) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  25. How Windows Manages Applications • Launching an application • Move instructions from hard drive into memory • Process: a running program, together with the system resources assigned to it • Also called Instance • Request for resources (memory for data; other programs) made through Win32 subsystem • Request is called a thread • Thread: Single task • Multithreading: multiple threads A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  26. Thread Thread Figure 2-11 A process with two threads A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  27. How Windows Manages Hardware • Device drivers • Small programs stored on the hard drive • Allow kernel to communicate with hardware • Provided by OS, vendors • At system startup: • BIOS provides instructions to the CPU for basic device communication; during OS load, drivers are loaded • Drivers written to work for a specific OS • Four types of software • Operating system, applications, device drivers, BIOS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  28. Figure 2-12 An OS relates to hardware by way of device drivers and possibly system BIOS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  29. How Many Bits At A Time? • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Also called a processor • Partly determines which operating system can be installed • Major consideration: processor and OS bit-processing must match • Number of bits CPU processes at a time • Intel or AMD desktop and laptop processors sold today process 64 bits at a time • Older processors handled only 32 bits (and REALLY old ones handled 24, 16, 12, 8, or 4 bits) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  30. What Does “x-bit” Processing Mean? • Confusingly, it can mean many things • The size of registers • The size of the data bus • The size of instructions that can be processed • Several other things • More bits is not absolutely better • Although speed is increased, more bits are more complex and require more resources • Sometimes, the sizes of these things are mixed within a processor • Regardless, a particular processor is called by a specific x-bit term A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  31. Bit-processing: Processors • 32-bit processors often called x86 processors • Intel used the number 86 in the model number of these earlier processors • Processors using underlying 32-bit processing with 64-bit instructions • Hybrid processors known as x86-64 bit processors • Handle a 32-bit OS or a 64-bit OS • 64-bit processors • Fully implement 64-bit processing • Intel Itanium and Xeon processors A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  32. Bit-processing: Operating Systems • Windows 2000: 32-bit OS • Windows XP • Professional x64 Edition: 64-bit OS • All other Windows XP editions: 32-bit OSs • Vista Home Basic, Home Premium, Business, Enterprise, Ultimate editions • 32-bit or 64-bit versions • Modern desktop, laptop processors today • Can handle either a 32-bit or 64-bit OS • Sometimes referred to as an x86 or x64 OS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  33. How Many Bits At A Time? (cont’d.) • 64-bit versus 32-bit processing • 64-bit processing is faster than 32-bit, but requires more resources • 64-bit OS requires that device drivers operating in kernel mode be 64-bit drivers • Applications can be compiled for 64-bit or 32-bit • 32-bit OS can only address up to 4 GB of memory • Benefit from 64-bit computing if: • Often need many applications open at the same time • High computing needs • Enough hard drive space and memory A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  34. How Many Bits At A Time? (cont’d.) • Manufacturers often install a 32-bit OS on a computer that could support a 64-bit OS • Terminology tips • x86 refers to • 32-bit processors • 32-bit operating systems • x86-64 refers to • 32-bit processors that process 64-bit instructions • 64-bit operating systems • IA64 refers to • 64-bit Intel processors • x64 refers to • 64-bit operating systems A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  35. Using Windows 2000/XP/Vista • PC support technician • Needs to be a Windows power user • Technician knowledge required • How Windows desktop organized and how it works • Basic Windows utilities (covered in this chapter; others later) • My Computer and Windows Explorer • Control Panel • System Information • Command Prompt window A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  36. The Windows XP/Vista Desktop • Desktop is primary tool provided by Windows shell • Start menu • Username shown at top • Applications at the top left • “pinned” to the menu • Applications used often • Listed below the pinned applications (can change) • User-oriented applications • In the column on the left side • User files and OS utilities • In the column on the right side A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  37. The Windows XP desktop and Start menu

  38. Figure 2-15 The Vista desktop and Start menu

  39. The Windows Desktop (cont’d.) • Sidebar and gadgets new in Vista • Sidebar Properties box used to customize: • Start the sidebar each time Windows starts • Decide where sidebar appears • Remove gadgets in sidebar • Four ways to launch an application (there are others) • Use the Start menu • Use the Search box • Use Windows Explorer or the Computer window • Use a shortcut icon A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  40. Windows Sidebar can be customized with installed and downloaded gadgets A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  41. The Windows Desktop (cont’d.) • Taskbar: bottom of Windows desktop (can be moved) • Information about open programs, quick access to others • Quick launch icons • Notification Area (system tray or systray) • Icons for running applications • In XP, hovering over application icon displays tooltip with name • In Vista, hovering over application icon displays thumbnail • Service: program that runs in the background • Supports or serves Windows or an application • To customize taskbar: right-click taskbar, use shortcut menu • Controls Start menu, taskbar, notification area A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  42. The Windows Vista taskbar with a thumbnail of one open application A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  43. Figure 2-22 Press Win+Tab to cycle through open applications in a flip 3D view when using the Vista Aero interface; press Alt+Tab to cycle in XP A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  44. The Windows Desktop (cont’d.) • Personalize the Windows desktop • Right-click anywhere on the desktop • Vista: choose Personalizefrom the shortcut menu • XP: choose Properties from the shortcut menu • Vista: default programs and file associations • Located in right column of the Start menu • Can change default programs associated with certain file extensions and activities • File extension: one or more characters following the last period in a filename • XP file associations covered later A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  45. The Default Programs window is used to change file associations Example: Select the default program to play an .avi video file

  46. Comparison of XP/2000 Desktop and Vista Desktop • Both: All Programs • List of currently installed software appears • Both: Start, All Programs, Accessories, System Tools • Back up data, clean up a hard drive, schedule tasks, restore Windows settings, various other things • New Vista tool: Internet Explorer (No Add-ons) • Controlling Windows appearance • Vista uses Personalization window • Windows XP/2000 uses the Display Properties window A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  47. Vista User Account Control (UAC) Box • Appears when action requires administrative privileges, even if user logged on as administrator • Two Vista account types: Administrator and Standard • Purposes of UAC • Prevent task started by malicious code • Allow administrator to use less powerful account in general, but still perform admin actions • UAC can be disabled – not recommended • Uses color codes • Red (danger) • Yellow (unknown) • Green (trusted Windows component) • Grey (trusted other component) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  48. Figure 2-30 The User Account Control box appears each time a user attempts to perform an action requiring administrative privileges: (a) the current account has administrative privileges; (b) the current account does not have administrative privileges A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  49. Computer Window (Windows Explorer) • Vista uses term Computer; XP uses My Computer • In past, Windows Explorer and My Computer were somewhat different; now they are the same • Most useful tools to explore files and folders • To access Computer or My Computer window • Win+E • Windows Vista: click Start and click Computer • Windows XP: click Start and click My Computer • Windows 2000: double-click My Computer on the desktop A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

  50. Computer Window (cont’d.) • Files and directories • The terms Directories and Folders are the same • Sub-directory (sub-folder) is a directory within a directory • Drives organized with single root directory • At top of the top-down hierarchical structure of subdirectories • Exception: hard drive • Might be divided into partitions, each called a Volume • Term Volume often used for all drives • Each volume has its own root directory and hierarchical structure of subdirectories A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e

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