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Titel. From Fantasy to Action. Gabriele Oettingen New York University/University of Hamburg. Positive Thinking is Positive: Self-Help Literature. Norman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive Thinking (1985-1994) Napoleon Hill
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Titel From Fantasy to Action Gabriele Oettingen New York University/University of Hamburg
Positive Thinking is Positive: Self-Help Literature Norman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive Thinking (1985-1994) Napoleon Hill Success of Positive Thinking (2005)Mathias Matuschka The Happy-End Universe (2004)Annemarie Trixner (2003) Be Happy, You will Succeed!
Overview Overview Expectation versus Fantasy Mental Contrasting of Fantasy and Reality Intervention and Individual Differences
Expectations versus Fantasies Expectations: Probability judgments Fantasies: Free thoughts
James citation 1 Everyone knows the difference between imagining a thing and believing in its existence, between supposing a proposition and acquiescing in its truth. James, 1890, p. 283
Positive Expectations Positive Expectations … reflect past success … signal that acting is worthwhile and necessary … predict more motivation
Positive Fantasies Positive Fantasies … independent of past success … fail to signal that action is worthwhile and necessary … predict less motivation
Expectation (Entering professional life) Expectation 1 + 2 (Hip Replacement) How probable do you think it is that you’ll find an adequate position in your field? very probable not at all probable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Example (Entering professional life) Work in a biochemical laboratory After my graduation a member of the research group is leaving, the vacant position gets advertised, and I succeed to take over the position due to my achievements in the past and my ability to fit in.
.50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .0 -.10 -.20 -.30 -.40 -.50 Datenfolie Entering Professional Life as Predicted by Expectation and Fantasy Data (Entering professional life) Number of Applications Amount of Salary Number of Job Offers p<.001 p< . 05 .33 .41 Partial Correlation Coefficient -.04 -.29 -.39 -.40 p< .05 p< .01 p< .01 Expectation Oettingen & Mayer (2002, Study 1). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1198-1212. Fantasy
Expectation 1+2 (Recovery) How likely do you think it is, that 2 weeks after surgery you will be able to go for a brief walk using an assistive cane? Expectation 1 + 2 (Hip Replacement) not at all likely very likely 1 2 3 4 5 How likely do you think it is, that 2 weeks after surgery you will be walking on stairs up and down with the help of an assistive cane? not at all likely very likely 1 2 3 4 5
Positive Fantasy (Recovery) At the end of your hospital stay you want to buy a newspaper in the hospital shop ... Iam walking on the stair-ways downwards without help, and I walk easily and quickly to the newspaper stand. How positive were these thoughts or images? not at all positive very positive 1 2 3 4 5 How negative were these thoughts or images? not at all negative very negative 1 2 3 4 5
Negative Fantasy (Recovery) At the end of your hospital stay you want to buy a newspaper in the hospital shop ... I am trying to walk to the door first, using my cane. But how shall I open the door? Uh, and then walking until the elevator? How would I ever do it? How positive were this thoughts or images? not at all positive very positive 1 2 3 4 5 How negative were this thoughts or images? not at all negative very negative 1 2 3 4 5
Data (Hip Replacement) .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .0 -.10 -.20 -.30 -.40 -.50 Recovery from Hip Replacement Surgery as Predicted by Expectation and Fantasy General Recovery Walking on Stairs Hip Joint Motion p< . 01 p< .05 p< .05 .30 .37 .27 Partial Correlation Coefficient -.36 -.43 -.31 p< .05 p< .01 p< .001 Expectation Oettingen & Mayer (2002, Study 4). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1198-1212. Fantasy
Supportive Evidence Academic achievement Academic/ vocational: Professional achievement Obesity Health: Chronic disease: Asthma, Colitis, Cancer Hip replacement surgery Interpersonal relations: Finding a romantic partner Mental contrasting
Findings are Replicated Across Different Replicated Findings Age groups Domains Cultures Measures of Fantasy Measures of Motivation & Success Mental contrasting
Turning Fantasies into Goals:Mentally Contrasting Fantasies with Reality
Mental Contrasting (Model) Mental Contrasting Strong Goal Setting Positive Future Mental Contrasting Expectations are Activated No Goal Setting NegativeReality Oettingen (2000). Social Cognition, 18, 101-129.
Indulging (Model) Indulging Positive Future Moderate Goal Setting Expectations are not Activated Indulging Oettingen (2000). Social Cognition, 18, 101-129.
Dwelling (Model) Dwelling Moderate Goal Setting Expectations are not Activated Dwelling Negative Reality Oettingen (2000). Social Cognition, 18, 101-129.
Typical Experiment Typical Experiment • Independent Variables • Measure: Expectations • Manipulate: Goal-setting strategies • Dependent Variables • Goal commitment and achievement
Exemplary Experiment: Interpersonal Concern Exemplary Experiment: Interpersonal Concern
Concern (Interpersonal Concern) Interpersonal Concern improve relationship to partner get to know better someone I like get along with my mother
Expectation (Interpersonal Concern) How likely do you think it is that the named problem will have a happy ending? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Aspects of positive future (Interpersonal Concern) Aspects of Positive Future not being lonely anymore feelings of being loved feelings of being needed
Aspects of negative reality (Anliegen) Aspects of Negative Reality feelings of insecurity feelings of unattractiveness being too emotional
Inducing the Three Self-Regulation Strategies of Goal-Setting
Mental Contrasting Establishing Mental Contrasting 1 Write down on the line below the second positive aspect that you associated with your interpersonal concern having a happy ending. feelings of being loved Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Positive Future
Mental Contrasting Establishing Mental Contrasting 2 Write down on the line below the second negative aspect of reality that stands in the way of your interpersonal concern having a happy ending . feelings of unattractiveness Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Positive Future Negative Reality
Mental Contrasting Establishing Mental Contrasting 3 Write down on the line below the first positive aspect that you associated with your interpersonal concern having a happy ending. not being lonely anymore Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Positive Future Positive Future Negative Reality
Mental Contrasting Establishing Mental Contrasting 4 Write down on the line below the first negative aspect of reality that stands in the way of your interpersonal concern having a happy ending . feelings of insecurity Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Positive Future Positive Future Negative Reality Negative Reality
Indulging Establishing Indulging 1 Write down on the line below the fourth positive aspect that you associated with your interpersonal concern having a happy ending. being well-balanced Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Positive Future
Indulging Establishing Indulging 2 Write down on the line below the third positive aspect that you associated with your interpersonal concern having a happy ending. feelings of being needed Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Positive Future Positive Future
Indulging Establishing Indulging 3 Write down on the line below the second positive aspect that you associated with your interpersonal concern having a happy ending. feelings of being loved Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Positive Future Positive Future Positive Future
Indulging Establishing Indulging 4 Write down on the line below the first positive aspect that you associated with your interpersonal concern having a happy ending. not being lonely anymore Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Positive Future Positive Future Positive Future Positive Future
Dwelling Establishing Dwelling 1 Write down on the line below the fourth negative aspect of reality that stands in the way of your interpersonal concern having a happy ending . being too funky Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Negative Reality
Dwelling Establishing Dwelling 2 Write down on the line below the third negative aspect of reality that stands in the way of your interpersonal concern having a happy ending . being too emotional Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Negative Reality Negative Reality
Dwelling Establishing Dwelling 3 Write down on the line below the second negative aspect of reality that stands in the way of your interpersonal concern having a happy ending . feelings of unattractiveness Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Negative Reality Negative Reality Negative Reality
Dwelling Establishing Dwelling 4 Write down on the line below the first negative aspect of reality that stands in the way of your interpersonal concern having a happy ending . feelings of insecurity Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Negative Reality Negative Reality Negative Reality Negative Reality
Reverse Contrasting Establishing Mental Contrasting 2 Write down on the line below the second negative aspect of reality that stands in the way of your interpersonal concern having a happy ending . feelings of unattractiveness Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Negative Reality
Reverse Contrasting Establishing Mental Contrasting 1 Write down on the line below the second positive aspect that you associated with your interpersonal concern having a happy ending. feelings of being loved Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Negative Reality Positive Future
Reverse Contrasting Establishing Mental Contrasting 4 Write down on the line below the first negative aspect of reality that stands in the way of your interpersonal concern having a happy ending . feelings of insecurity Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Negative Reality Negative Reality Positive Future
Reverse Contrasting Establishing Mental Contrasting 3 Write down on the line below the first positive aspect that you associated with your interpersonal concern having a happy ending. not being lonely anymore Now really think about this aspect. Imagine the relevant events and experiences as vividly as possible! Let your mind go! Do not hesitate to give your fantasies free reign. Negative Reality Negative Reality Positive Future Positive Future
Feeling energized (Interpersonal Concern) Interpersonal Concern Feeling Energized 7 6 5 Mental contrasting Indulging in positive future 4 Dwelling on negative reality Control group 3 2 1 Oettingen, Pak & Schnetter (2001, Study 3). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 736-753. High Expectation Low Expectation
Immediacy of action (Interpersonal Concern) Interpersonal Concern Immediacy of Action 0 3 6 Mental contrasting Indulging in positive future 9 Dwelling on negative reality Control group 12 15 18 Oettingen, Pak & Schnetter (2001, Study 3). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 736-753. High Expectation Low Expectation
Expectation (Mathematics) How likely do you think it is that you will improve in mathematics? very unlikely very likely 12345