V2012.13

1. V2012.13

2. Agenda • Old Business • Delete Files • New Business • Week 9 Topics: • Coming up: • Yearbook Picture: Feb 7th @ 12:20PM in Main Gym • JVS Open House: Feb10th1:30-3:30PM, 15181 OH RT58. • Tours, teachers, and some students will be available • Guest Speaker: Feb 12th • Hyland Field Trip: Feb 21st (no details yet) • Linux Intro (continued)

3. New Business • Intro to Linux • Basic Commands • Install Additional Software • Practice Exercises

4. Basic Commands • Commands take the following form: <Command> <Switches> <Parameters> <Target> • Switches: single letters, preceded by a hyphen, that adjust what the command does • Parameters: things that the command needs to know in order to work • Target: the thing (such as a file) that the command will be applied

5. Basic Commands • Let’s look at an example: $ ls -l /home/seighman Target Switch Command This command tells the command line to list, in long format, the contents of the directory “/home/seighman”. The command is “ls”; the switch “-l” tells Linux that you want the list in long format; and the target of this command is the directory “/home/seighman”. In this example, there are no parameters, so that part of the command is just skipped

6. Basic Commands - man • So, how do I know what switch to use? • manpages are your friend $ man ls LS(1) User Commands LS(1) NAME ls - list directory contents SYNOPSIS ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... DESCRIPTION List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified

7. Basic Commands • pwd • ls • cd • mkdir • rmdir

8. Basic Commands 2 • file • touch • cp • rm • mv • rename

9. Basic Commands 2 - file • ‘file’ $ file linuxcommands.pdf linuxcommands.pdf: PDF document, version 1.5 • The file utility determines the file type. Linux does not use extensions to determine the file type.

10. Basic Commands 2 - file • ‘touch’ $ touch test.txt • One easy way to create a file is with touch

11. Basic Commands 2 - cp • ‘cp’ $ cp test.txt /home/seighman/Documents • To copy a file, use cpwith a source and a target argument • If the target is a directory, then the source files are copied to that target directory.

12. Basic Commands 2 - cp • Some ‘cp’ examples: $ cp -r The -r option forces recursive copying of all files in all subdirectories • $ cp -i Prevents cpfrom overwriting existing files, use -i (interactive) • $ cp -p Preserve permissions and time stamps from source files

13. Basic Commands 2 - rm • ‘rm’ $ rm test.txt • Use rm to remove a file • There’s no notion of a ‘waste basket’ • When you use rm to remove a file, the file is gone • Be careful when removing files!

14. Basic Commands 2 - rm • Some ‘rm’ examples: $ rm –i text.txt To prevent yourself from accidentally removing a file, you can use-i. $ rm –rf test When you are logged on as root, be very careful with rm -rf(the f means force and the r means recursive)

15. Basic Commands 2 - mv • ‘mv’ $ mv test.txt text1.txt • Use mv to rename a file or to move the file to another directory

16. Basic Commands 2 - mv • Some ‘mv’ examples: $ mv To prevent yourself from accidentally removing a file, you can use-i. $ mv When you are logged on as root, be very careful with rm -rf(the f means force and the r means recursive)

17. Basic Commands 2 - rename • ‘rename’ • The rename command can also be used but it has a more complex syntax to enable renaming of many files at once

18. Basic Commands 2 - rename • Some ‘rename’ examples: $ rename 's/txt/doc/' *.txt Switches all occurrences of txt to doc for all file names ending in .txt.

19. Super User • The “sudo” command introduces the “superuser” or “root user” • The term “root” is the name for the main administrator in a “Unix-like” system, such as Linux • There are many commands that only the root user can run • Depending on the version of Linux you are using, you will either have to log on as the root user or prefix your command with “sudo”. The default Debiandistribution of Linux, for instance, has no root password set. So you will have to use the “sudo” command

20. Super User • By using “sudo”, you’re saying, “Do the following command as the root user” • When you do this, you will be asked for your password and, if you have the system permissions of a root user (commonly called “being in the admin group”), then the command will be run • If you don’t have root permissions, you will get an error message WARNING: be very careful executing commands as root (sudo), you can easily render your system unuseable!

21. Installing Software • Installing software on Linux is a broad subject because each version of Linux has its own way of doing things • Most are variations on apt-get (Advanced Packaging Tool), used by Debian, Ubuntu, and related distributions) • yum(Yellowdog Update Manager), used by Fedora and related distributions • The basic syntax is: $ sudo apt-get install <packagename> $ sudo yum install <packagename>

22. Using apt-get to Manage Software • To install a software package: $ sudo apt-get install <packagename> • To update the local package database: $ sudo apt-get update • To install all available newer versions of packages: $ sudo apt-get upgrade • To remove a package: $ sudo apt-get remove <packagename>

23. Ubuntu Setup • Install Ubuntu Tweak • Open a ‘terminal’ • Enter the following commands: $ sudoadd-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa $ sudoapt-get update $ sudoapt-get install ubuntu-tweak • You may need to logout and login again

24. Practice Exercises • Work through the exercises here: http://ahstechcrew.org/docs/BasicCommandsPractice2.pdf

25. Basic Commands 3 • tail • head • Cat • more • less