1 / 52

INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

Diabstraksikan oleh : soemarno , psdl ppsub , desember 2012. INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index. Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL. KELESTARIAN LIN GKUNGAN = ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY. Environmental sustainability

dillian
Télécharger la présentation

INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Diabstraksikanoleh: soemarno, psdlppsub, desember 2012 INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN =Environmental Sustainability Index . BahanKajianpada MK. PSDAL

  2. KELESTARIAN LIN GKUNGAN = ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support human life. Environmental sustainability is about making responsible decisions that will reduce your business' negative impact on the environment. It is not simply about reducing the amount of waste you produce or using less energy, but is concerned with developing processes that will lead to businesses becoming completely sustainable in the future. Diunduhdari: http://toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/part/17/86/371 ……………… 6/12/2012

  3. ISU-ISU PEMBANGUNAN BERKELAN JUTAN Ecological sustainability: Preventing damage to major biological life cycles, maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity; Sustainable resource use: Resource use should not threaten ecological sustainability and should be within the renewable capacity; Sustainable waste management and pollution prevention: Generation of waste and release of pollution should not threaten ecological sustainability and should be within the absorption capacity of the receiving environment; Development of a sustainable society: This is concerned with social inclusion and economic development to improve the quality of life for all, both in the short and long term. Sustainable development and the "Triple bottom line" Diunduhdari: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/99-00/bio_fuel_cells/groupproject/library/sustainableenergy/pageframe.htm……………… 7/12/2012

  4. PERLUNYA INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN • Requirements for Environmental Impact Assessments • Environmental impact assessments are required for any projects likely to have a significant effect on the environment, and are mandatory for large energy projects and wastewater treatment plants. Planning authorities require the developer to produce an Environmental Statement including: • A description of the development and data on the main impacts it is likely to have on the environment; • A description of the likely significant environmental impacts including direct and indirect impacts: • Impacts on human beings • Use of natural and material resources, air and water • Impacts on ecology • Emissions of pollutants and elimination of waste • Impacts on landscape and cultural heritage • Assessment and forecasts of the effects of the use of natural resources, emissions, and waste in the short to long term including indirect, cumulative, temporary, and permanent effects; • Measures envisaged to avoid, reduce, or remedy adverse effects; • An outline of alternative solutions which have been studied. • Counterpart to Competitiveness Index and other economic performance measures • Benchmark environmental performance • Better goals, programs, and policies • Clarify environment/economic tradeoffs Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012 Diunduhdari: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/99-00/bio_fuel_cells/groupproject/library/environmental/pageframe.htm

  5. Environmental Stresses • Air Pollution • Water Pollution/Use • Ecosystem Stress • Waste/Consumption • Population • Environmental Systems • Urban Air Quality • Water Quantity • Water Quality • Biodiversity • Land Analytical Foundations • Social and Institutional Capacity • Science/Technical Capacity • Rigorous Policy Debate • Environmental Regulation and Management • Tracking Environmental Conditions • Eco-efficiency • Public Choice Failures • Global Stewardship • Contribution to International Cooperation • Impact on Global Commons • Human Vulnerability • Basic Sustenance • Public Health • Environmental Disasters Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  6. DATA EMPIRIKAL • For each factor, we identified 1-6 variables to serve as quantitative measures (65 total) • For this pilot, we weighted the factors equally in computing the Index Factors 65 variables 5 components Index Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  7. CONTOH: KAPASITAS SOSIAL & KELEMBAGAAN Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  8. CONTOH: KAPASITAS SOSIAL & KELEMBAGAAN Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  9. PENGGUNAAN INDEKS: Assessing Environment/Economic Tradeoffs Environmental sustainability does not appear to impose a constraint on economic growth As hypothesized by Michael Porter, there may be a connection between good economic performance and good environmental performance Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  10. Why does this matter? Four perspectives on the relationship between economic performance and environmental sustainability Difficult tradeoffs – policy dilemmas Environmental Kuznets: just be patient Environment Economics Good things go together – policy “free lunch” Good indicators are vital All combinations are possible – importance of responsible policy choices Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  11. (Does the world really need another environmental indicator?) LIVING GREENER Save energy and cost Save and re-use water Reduce wastes and recycle Travel snarter (Sumber: http://www.livinggreener.gov.au/) • Measuring environmental sustainability is possible and useful • This is a surprising, and encouraging, result • Some aspects appear to be easier to quantify than others • Some surprises here (capacity v. stress) Energy is connected to nearly every aspect of daily life. But the energy sources we rely on most - like coal, oil and natural gas - are being used up and can’t be replaced for millions of years. Producing energy from these sources also releases harmful greenhouse gases which impact our environment. Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  12. ESI DAPAT DISEMPURNAKAN TERUS • Investment in data creation • Most global environmental monitoring programs are based on 19th century models – time to move forward • Pluralistic, distributed networks (no central bottlenecks) • Greater use of civil society • Remote sensing and other advanced technologies • More sophisticated methods to weight factors and test validity, understand underlying assumptions and values • Factor analysis, time series analysis, regression analysis • Interactive, open version • Permit users to change factors and variables, change weights, add new variables • Scalable version • Permit users to integrate global, national, regional and local indicators as appropriate to their needs Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  13. KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN Kelestarian lingkungan melibatkan pengambilankeputusan dan tindakan yang berada dalamlingkupkepentingan melindungi alam, dengan penekanan khusus pada pelestarian kemampuan lingkungan untuk mendukung kehidupan manusia. Hal ini merupakan isupenting pada saat ini, karena orang-orang menyadari dampak negatiflingkungandapatterjadipadaindividu manusiadanorganisasibisnis. Keberlanjutan lingkungan kerkaitandneganmembuat keputusan bertanggung jawab yang akan mengurangi dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan. Hal ini tidak hanya berkenaandenganmengurangi jumlah sampah yang dihasilkan atau menggunakan energi secaralebihsedikitdanlebihhemat, tetapi jugaberkaitandneganupaya-upayamengembangkan proses yang akan menyebabkan “biosfir” menjadi benar-benar berkelanjutan di masa depan. Diunduhdari:

  14. ESI = ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX IndeksKelestarianLingkungan (ESI) adalah ukuran menyeluruhtentangperkembangankearah (menuju) kelestarian lingkungan. Indeks ini memberikan profil komposit penata-layanan lingkungan didasarkan pada penyusunan indikator yang berasal dari basis data yang mendasari. ESIadalah indeks komposit yang diterbitkan 1999-2005 yang disusunberdasarkan21 unsur kelestarian lingkungan hidup yang mencakup jasa-jasasumberdaya alam, tingkat polusi masa lalu dan sekarang, upaya pengelolaan lingkungan, kontribusi untuk perlindungan global, dan kapasitas masyarakat untuk meningkatkan kinerja lingkungan dari waktu ke waktu. Diunduhdari:

  15. ESI = ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX ESI ini dipublikasikanantara 1999-2005 oleh Yale University Center for Environmental Law and Policy,bekerja sama dengan Columbia University Center for International Earth Information Science Network (CIESIN), dan Forum Ekonomi Dunia.ESI dikembangkan untuk mengevaluasi kelestarian lingkungan diusatunegaradibandingkandnegannegara lain. Dalamperkembangannyaditemukanindeksbaru, yaituIndeks Kinerja Lingkungan (EPI), yang menggunakan indikator-berorientasi pada hasil, kemudian dianalisismenjadiindeks yang dapat lebih mudah digunakan oleh para pembuat kebijakan, ilmuwan lingkungan, dan masyarakat umum . Environmental Performance Index = EPI Diunduhdari: sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Sustainability_Index

  16. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a method of quantifying and numerically benchmarking the environmental performance of a state's policies. This index was developed from the Pilot Environmental Performance Index, first published in 2002, and designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index

  17. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) The ESI was developed to evaluate environmental sustainability relative to the paths of other countries. EPI uses outcome-oriented indicators, then working as a benchmark index that can be more easily used by policy makers, environmental scientists, advocates and the general public. Diunduhdari:

  18. Diabstraksikanoleh: soemarno, psdlppsub, desember 2012 INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN =Environmental Sustainability Index KUALITAS UDARA KOTA BahanKajianpada MK. PSDAL

  19. SISTEM LINGKUNGAN Kualitasudaraperkotaan Kuantitas air Kualitas air Biodiversitas Lahan Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

  20. KUALITAS UDARA Air quality is defined as a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species or to any human need or purpose. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and is different in different countries. Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code. Standardized public health advisories are associated with each AQI range. The AQI can go up (meaning worse air quality) due to a lack of dilution of air pollutants. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone, temperature inversion, or low wind speeds lets air pollution remain in a local area, leading to high concentrations of pollutants and hazy conditions. An agency might encourage members of the public to take public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012

  21. INDEKS KUALITAS UDARA An air quality index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air is currently or how polluted it is forecast to become. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. Different countries have their own air quality indices which are not all consistent. Different countries also use different names for their indices such as Air Quality Health Index, Air Pollution Index and Pollutant Standards Index. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012

  22. KUALITAS UDARA DI KANADA . Air quality in Canada has been reported for many years with provincial Air Quality Indices (AQIs). Significantly, AQI values reflect air quality management objectives, which are based on the lowest achievable emissions rate, and not exclusively concern for human health. The Air Quality Health Index or (AQHI) is a scale designed to help understand the impact of air quality on health. It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution. The Air Quality Health Index provides a number from 1 to 10+ to indicate the level of health risk associated with local air quality. On occasion, when the amount of air pollution is abnormally high, the number may exceed 10. The AQHI provides a local air quality current value as well as a local air quality maximums forecast for today, tonight, and tomorrow, and provides associated health advice. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012

  23. Air quality in Canada Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012

  24. INDEKS KUALITAS UDARA DI USA The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed an index which they use to report daily air quality. This AQI is divided into six categories indicating increasing levels of health concern. An AQI value over 300 represents hazardous air quality whereas if it is below 50 the air quality is good Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012

  25. INDEKS KUALITAS UDARA The AQI is based on the five pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act: ground-level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards for all of these pollutants to protect public health. An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the standard for the pollutant. The air quality index is a piecewise linear function of the pollutant concentration. At the boundary between AQI categories, there is a discontinuous jump of one AQI unit. To convert from concentration to AQI this equation is used: where: I = the (Air Quality) index, C = the pollutant concentration, Clow = the concentration breakpoint that is ≤ , Chigh = the concentration breakpoint that is ≥ , Ilow = the index breakpoint corresponding to , Ihigh = the index breakpoint corresponding to . Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012

  26. BAKU MUTU PM2.5 DI USA EPA's table of breakpoints for PM2.5 is: Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index ……………… 28/11/2012

  27. KUALITAS UDARA DALAM RUANGAN INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants. IAQ can be affected by gases (including carbon monoxide, radon, volatile organic compounds), particulates, microbial contaminants (mould, bacteria) or any mass or energy stressor that can induce adverse health conditions. Source control, filtration and the use of ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for improving indoor air quality in most buildings. Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples, monitoring human exposure to pollutants, collection of samples on building surfaces and computer modelling of air flow inside buildings. Diunduhdari: … http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_quality …………… 28/11/2012

  28. INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) Second-hand smoke Second-hand smoke is tobacco smoke which affects other people other than the 'active' smoker. Second-hand tobacco smoke includes both a gaseous and a particulate phase, with particular hazards arising from levels of carbon monoxide (as indicated below) and very small particulates (at PM2.5 size) which get past the lung's natural defences. The only certain method to improve indoor air quality as regards second-hand smoke is the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free laws. Common pollutants 1.1 Second-hand smoke 1.2 Radon 1.3 Moulds and other allergens 1.4 Carbon monoxide 1.5 Volatile organic compounds 1.6 Legionella 1.7 Other bacteria 1.8 Asbestos fibres 1.9 Carbon dioxide 1.10 Ozone Diunduhdari: ……………… 28/11/2012

  29. SENYAWA ORGANIK YANG MUDAH MENGUAP Volatile organic compounds Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products numbering in the thousands. Examples include: paints and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper, graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions. Organic chemicals are widely used as ingredients in household products. Paints, varnishes, and wax all contain organic solvents, as do many cleaning, disinfecting, cosmetic, degreasing, and hobby products. Fuels are made up of organic chemicals. All of these products can release organic compounds during usage, and, to some degree, when they are stored. Diunduhdari: ……………… 28/11/2012

  30. INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (IEQ): For additional support visit our client service page. Before “indoor environmental quality” or “IEQ” has completely lost its meaning, we want to bring attention to its definition which is a comprehensive term from the field of indoor climate engineering representing the collective influence from the indoor environment on all the physiological sensory systems of the human body which can be represented by; IEQ = IAQ +ITQ + ILQ + ISQ + IOQ + IVQ where I = Indoor, Q = Quality and, A = Air T = Thermal L = Lighting S = Sound O = Odour (odor) V = Vibrations Diunduhdari: http://www.healthyheating.com/Defintion_of_indoor_environmental_quality.htm#.UL0Pr2fRnKQ ……………… 4/12/2012

  31. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) A paint job that leaves you lightheaded, or new upholstery that has a funny scent-these are VOCs at work. These insidious chemicals are emitted, at room temperature, from many common household materials, paints, finishes, furnishings, and textiles. Examples of VOCs include benzene, formaldehyde, and methylene chloride. Some occur naturally in the materials; others are added during the manufacturing process. The offgassing of VOCs can have both short- and long-term adverse health effects, ranging from nausea and eye irritation to nervous system damage and cancer. These days, it's getting easier and easier to find no-VOC and low-VOC products such as paints, adhesives, and fabrics. Konsentrasi VOC di udara dalam ruangan biasanyalebih tinggi daripadaudaraluar, dan VOC di dalambangunan berventilasi buruk seringkalimenjadipenyebab utama dari sindrom gedungsakit (SBS). Carilah produk yang bebas dari bahan kimia ini jika memungkinkan, jika tidak, kalaumenggunakan cat, pernis, larutan pembersih, atau produk lain yang mengandung VOC, makaventilasi ruangkerja harusbaik dan membuang sisa-sisa makanan dan limbah dengan baik. Diunduhdari: http://www.blueegg.com/Green-Glossary/Volatile-organic-compound-VOC.html ……………… 28/11/2012

  32. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Pulau panas perkotaan adalah nama yang diberikan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik panasnyaatmosfer dan permukaan di kota-kota (perkotaan) dibandingkan dengan lingkungansekitarnya. The pulau panas adalah contoh modifikasi iklim yang tidak disengaja ketika urbanisasi mengubahkarakteristik permukaan bumi dan atmosfer. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  33. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND AdatigatipePulauPanas: PulauPanaslapisankanopi = canopy layer heat island (CLHI) PulauPanasLapisan Batas = boundary layer heat island (BLHI) PulauPanasPermukaan = surface heat island (SHI) Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  34. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Dua tipepulaupanas yang pertama mengacu pada pemanasan atmosfer perkotaan. Tipepulaupanas yang ketigamengacu pada kehangatan relatif permukaan perkotaan. Lapisan kanopi perkotaan (UCL) adalah lapisan udara yang paling dekat dengan permukaan di kota-kota, memperluas ke atas kira-kira setinggi bangunan rata-rata. Di atas lapisan kanopi perkotaan terletak lapisan batas kota, yang tebalnyamencapai1 kilometer (km) atau lebih padasianghari, danmenyusut hingga ratusan meter atau kurang pada malam hari . Lapisanbataskotainimembentuk kubah udara hangat yang meluas melawan arah angin dari kota. Angin sering mengubah kubah menjadibentuk yang bagus. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  35. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Skema penggambaran komponen utama dari atmosfer perkotaan. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  36. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Jenis pulau panas bervariasi bentuk spasialnya, sedangkankarakteristiknyadinamis(berhubungan dengan waktu), dan beberapa proses fisik yang berkontribusi dalamperkembangannya. Para ilmuwan mengukur suhu udara untuk CLHI atau BLHI langsung menggunakan termometer, sedangkan SHI diukur dengan sensor remote dipasang di satelit atau pesawat udara. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  37. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Bentuk spatial PulauPanas The isotherms, or lines of equal temperature, form a pattern that resembles an “island” loosely following the shape of the urbanized region, surrounded by cooler areas. There is often a sharp rise in the canopy-layer air temperature at the boundary of rural—suburban areas, followed by a slow and often variable increase towards the downtown core of the urban area where the warmest temperatures occur. The boundary layer heat island shows much less variability than the other heat island types and a cross-section shows its shape resembles a simple dome or plume with warmer air transported downwind of the city. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  38. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Gambaran skematis komponen utama dari atmosfer perkotaan Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  39. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Intensitas pulau panasIntensitas pulau panasadalah ukuran kekuatan atau besarnya pulau panas. Pada malam hari, intensitas lapisankanopi pulau panas biasanya 1 - 3° C, tetapi di padakondisi optimum intensitas hingga 12°C. BLHI cenderung untuk mempertahankan pulau panas lebih konstan intensitasnya, siang dan malam (~ 1.5 ° - 2° C). SHI biasanya paling nyatapadasiang hari,ketika pemanasan matahari yang kuat dapat menyebabkan perbedaan suhu yang signifikanantara permukaan kering dan basah, permukaan yang ternaungi (teduh), atau permukaanbervegetasi. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  40. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Karakteristik permukaan & Pulau panas Sifat permukaan merupakan faktor yang sangatberpengaruhterhadappola spasial suhupermukaan dan lapisan kanopi suhu udara kota. Suhu udaralebih tinggi dilokasi yang padat bangunannya, dan suhuudaralebihrendahdidekattaman kotaatau didaerah yang terbuka. Suhu permukaan sangat sensitif terhadap kondisi permukaan: selama siang hari, kering, permukaan gelap yang sangat menyerap sinar matahari menjadi sangat panas; sedangkanpermukaan yang warnanyaterangdan / atau lembab , suhunyalebihdingin.Penaunganpermukaan juga membantu mengontrol suhu. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  41. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Bentuk temporal pulau panas Semua pulau-pulau panas terbentuk karena perbedaan tingkat pemanasan dan pendinginan kawasankota relatif terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya.Tingkat pemanasan dan pendinginan inimempengaruhi pulau panas. CLHI: intensitas pulau panas meningkat dengan waktu dari matahari terbenam hinggamaksimum di suatu tempat,antara waktubeberapa jam setelah matahari terbenam hinggadini hari. Pada siang hari intensitas CLHI biasanya cukup lemah atau kadang negatif (sebuah pulau keren) di beberapa bagian kota di mana ada bayangan yang luas oleh gedung-gedung tinggi atau struktur lainnya dan adanyalag dalam pemanasan karena penyimpanan panas oleh bahan bangunan. SHI: ini sangat positif , siang dan malam hari, karena permukaan perkotaan hangat. SHI siang-haribiasanya terbesar karena radiasi matahari mempengaruhi suhu permukaan. BLHI: umumnya positif , siang dan malam hari, tetapi ukurannyajauh lebih kecil dibandingkandneganCLHI atau SHI. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  42. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Bagaimana pulau panas terbentuk dan bagaimana mereka dikendalikan?Sejumlah faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya dan intensitas pulau-pulau panas: Cuaca Lokasi geografis Waktu hari dan musim Bentuk kota Fungsi kota Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  43. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Cuaca, khususnya angin dan awan, mempengaruhi pembentukan pulau-pulau panas. Pulau panas yang terbesar terbantukpadakondisi cuaca tenang dan cerah. Semakin meningkatkecepatanangin mencampur udara , biasanyaakanmengurangi pulau panas. Peningkatan awan mengurangi pendinginan radiasi di malam hari dan juga mengurangi pulau panas. Variasi musiman pola cuaca panas jugamempengaruhi frekuensi dan besarnya pulau. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  44. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Fungsi kota menentukanoutput polutan ke atmosfer perkotaan, limbahpanas dari penggunaan energi, dan penggunaan air irigasi. Panas antropogenik, atau panas yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas manusia, terutamapembakaran bahan bakar fosil, sangatpenting dalampembentukanpulau panas. Pemanasanantropogenik biasanya berdampak besar selama musim dingin di pusat kota didaerahiklimdingin. Dalam kasus tertentu , kota yang sangat padat mungkin memiliki pemanasan antropogenik yang sangattinggi, dihasilkan dari penggunaan energi untuk fasilitaspendinginan. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  45. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Bagaimana Pulaupanas berdampakpadakota?Pulau-pulau panas memiliki berbagai dampak bagi penduduk kota, termasuk: Kenyamanan manusia: positif (musim dingin), negatif (musim panas) Penggunaan energi: positif (musim dingin), negatif (musim panas) Polusi udara: Negatif Penggunaan air: Negatif Aktivitas biologis (misalnya, musim tanam panjang): positif Es dan salju: positif Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  46. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Solusi biologis untuk mengurangi pulau panas perkotaan? Pemahaman mekanisme yang mendasari pembentukan pulau panas fisik menjadilandasanuntuk mengembangkan saranakontrol yang dapat meningkatkan atau mengurangi pulau panas. Misalnya, perubahan polasebarangeometri permukaan perkotaan dengan mengubahjarakantargedung-gedung biasanya tidak layak. Strategi lain adalahmenggunakan atap dan paving berwarna putih atau warnacerahlainnya. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  47. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Sebuahsolusibiologisadalahdenganmenggunakanvegetasiuntukmengurangipanasperkotaan. Vegetasimemberikanefeknaungansertapendinginanmelaluipenguapan air (transpirasi). Penanamanpohondisekitarindividubangunanuntukmenaungipermukaanperkotaanmampumengurangisuhumereka, terutamaatapdandinding yang menghadaptimur-, barat. Penurunansuhupermukaanjugamenyebabkanpenguranganpenggunaanenergiuntukpendinginudararuangan. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  48. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Pohon juga dapat digunakan untukpeneduhjalan-jalan rayadan tempat parkir, yang tidak akan menjadi sangat panas siang hari dan yang menyimpan panas untuk rilis kemudian di malam hari. Penaungankendaraan di tempat parkir dapat mengurangi emisi penguapan bensin, yang berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan ozon perkotaan. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  49. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Penciptaan ruangterbukahijau, seperti taman-tamankota,dapat digunakan untuk membantu pendinginan udaralingkungankota; penghijauan kota dapat menyebabkan suasana perkotaan menjadilebihdingin. Diunduhdari: http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

  50. UHI = URBAN HEAT ISLAND Diunduhdari: http://geographygems.blogspot.com/

More Related