Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

Step Up To: Psychologyby John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From Myers, Psychology 8e Worth Publishers

Chapter 9: Memory Fetch! Can’t Remember? Retain Process Real or Imagined?

Process 500 400 300 200 100

retain 500 400 300 200 100

Fetch! 500 400 300 200 100

Can’t remember? 500 400 300 200 100

Real or imagined? 500 400 300 200 100

1. The process of getting information into memory is called: • A) priming. • B) chunking. • C) encoding. • D) storage.

2. Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as: • A) repression. • B) long-term potentiation. • C) automatic processing. • D) state-dependent memory.

3. The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called: • A) long-term potentiation. • B) semantic encoding. • C) priming. • D) automatic processing.

4. The organization of information into meaningful units is called: • A) automatic processing. • B) chunking. • C) the spacing effect. • D) the method of loci.

Timmy learns the sentence, “George eats old gray rats and paints houses yellow” to help him remember how to spell “geography.” He is using: • A) a mnemonic device. • B) the “peg-word” system. • C) the spacing effect. • D) the method of loci.

6. Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ___ bits of information. • A) 3 • B) 7 • C) 12 • D) 20

7. Conscious memory of factual information is called ___ memory. • A) state-dependent • B) flashbulb • C) explicit • D) implicit

8. The increased efficiency of neural circuitry that contributes to memory storage is known as: • A) chunking. • B) the next-in-line effect. • C) automatic processing. • D) long-term potentiation.

9. Iconic memory refers to: • A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. • B) photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only about a second. • C) the recall of words by their sounds. • D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory.

10. Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the: • A) hippocampus. • B) cerebellum. • C) hypothalamus. • D) motor cortex.

11. The association of sadness with negative life events contributes to: • A) the self-reference effect. • B) retroactive interference. • C) repression. • D) mood-congruent memory.

12. The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Puckett vivid memories of is early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful: • A) sensory memory. • B) reconstructive signal. • C) retrieval cue. • D) implicit memory.

13. An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? • A) recognition. • B) recall. • C) relearning. • D) reconstruction.

14. Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as: • A) automatic processing. • B) priming. • C) chunking. • D) relearning.

15. Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ___; matching concepts with their definitions measures ___. • A) recognition; relearning. • B) recall; recognition. • C) recall; relearning. • D) relearning; recall.

16. Retroactive interference refers to the: • A) decay of physical memory traces. • B) disruptive effect of previously learned material on the recall of new information. • C) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned material. • D) blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness.

17. An inability to recall the location of the number 0 on your calculator is most likely due to: • A) source amnesia. • B) proactive interference. • C) memory decay. • D) encoding failure.

18. When Jake applied for a driver’s license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake’s memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) _______. • A) rehearsal • B) storage • C) encoding • D) retrieval

19. Motivated forgetting provides an example of forgetting caused by a failure in: • A) automatic processing. • B) retrieval. • C) storage. • D) encoding.

20. We often alter our memories as we withdraw them from storage. This best illustrates: • A) memory construction. • B) the self-reference effect. • C) automatic processing. • D) priming.

21. Memories of stressful and unpleasant life experiences are not likely to be: • A) encoded. • B) repressed. • C) stored. • D) retrieved.

22. Adult incest survivors who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led to believe that their memory difficulties are due to: • A) memory storage failure. • B) the misinformation effect. • C) memory encoding failure. • D) repression.

23. Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event can result in the witness making mistakes on details when later asked to recall. This is called: • A) misinformation effect. • B) long-term potentiation. • C) flashbulb memory. • D) other-influenced confabulation.

24. Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that: • A) there is very little people can do to relieve the distress resulting from traumatic memories. • B) most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory. • C) therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and hypnosis can easily encourage the construction of false memories. • D) people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten unpleasant events.

25. After repeatedly hearing false, detailed accusations that he had sexually abused his daughter, Mr. Busker began to mistakenly recollect that such events had actually occurred. This best illustrates the dangers of: • A) source amnesia. • B) proactive interference. • C) implicit memory. • D) mood-congruent memory.

Congratulations!

Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

1. The process of getting information into memory is called: • A) priming. • B) chunking. • C) encoding. • D) storage. 351

2. Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as: • A) repression. • B) long-term potentiation. • C) automatic processing. • D) state-dependent memory. 353

3. The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called: • A) long-term potentiation. • B) semantic encoding. • C) priming. • D) automatic processing. 356

4. The organization of information into meaningful units is called: • A) automatic processing. • B) chunking. • C) the spacing effect. • D) the method of loci. 359

Timmy learns the sentence, “George eats old gray rats and paints houses yellow” to help him remember how to spell “geography.” He is using: • A) a mnemonic device. • B) the “peg-word” system. • C) the spacing effect. • D) the method of loci. 358

6. Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ___ bits of information. • A) 3 • B) 7 • C) 12 • D) 20 362

7. Conscious memory of factual information is called ___ memory. • A) state-dependent • B) flashbulb • C) explicit • D) implicit 367

8. The increased efficiency of neural circuitry that contributes to memory storage is known as: • A) chunking. • B) the next-in-line effect. • C) automatic processing. • D) long-term potentiation. 365

9. Iconic memory refers to: • A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. • B) photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only about a second. • C) the recall of words by their sounds. • D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory. 362

10. Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the: • A) hippocampus. • B) cerebellum. • C) hypothalamus. • D) motor cortex. 368

11. The association of sadness with negative life events contributes to: • A) the self-reference effect. • B) retroactive interference. • C) repression. • D) mood-congruent memory. 374

12. The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Puckett vivid memories of is early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful: • A) sensory memory. • B) reconstructive signal. • C) retrieval cue. • D) implicit memory. 371

13. An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? • A) recognition. • B) recall. • C) relearning. • D) reconstruction. 370

14. Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as: • A) automatic processing. • B) priming. • C) chunking. • D) relearning. 372

15. Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ___; matching concepts with their definitions measures ___. • A) recognition; relearning. • B) recall; recognition. • C) recall; relearning. • D) relearning; recall. 370

16. Retroactive interference refers to the: • A) decay of physical memory traces. • B) disruptive effect of previously learned material on the recall of new information. • C) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned material. • D) blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness. 379

Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.