IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS

1. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS Baucis & Philemon

2. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS Iuppiter huc specie mortali cumque parente venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis. Where is huc? Down to earth from Mount Olympus Why has he come specie mortali? Because he wants to test human beings in disguise Who is Atlantiades? Mercurius (Mercury) son of Jupiter and messenger of the gods

3. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS Iuppiter huc specie mortali cumque parente venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis. Why is Atlantiades described as caducifer? He normally carries a caduceus, a staff/stick to show that he is a messenger/ a herald Why does Ovid stress that he has come to earth positis alis? Normally Mercury would have winged sandals and a winged helmet; he however needs to be in disguise in order to test humankind.

4. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS mille domos adiere locum requiemque petentes, mille domos clausere serae Ovid repeats mille domos, in the same position in two lines; explain what effect he is trying to make? He is stressing just how bad thousands of humans were in refusing hospitality; hospitality is “non-negotiable” How else does Ovid emphasise how these gods suffered rejection after rejection? He repeats in the same position the shortened verb forms adiere (adierunt) and clausere (clauserunt); using the shortened forms makes the verbs slow and heavy, echoing the plodding around the town of the gods in search of shelter.

5. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS tamen una recepit, parva quidem stipulis et canna tecta palustri, How in the first line does Ovid emphasise just how special the behaviour of Baucis and Philemon is? tamen is normally second word in a sentence: put in pole position for emphasis and contrast with the mille domos; the little word una in a marked contrast to mille …. mille ….. How in the second line does he further emphasise how special their behaviour is? Emphasises with quidem how small/modest/poor (parva) the house is; Emphasises the same with the details of what the house is roofed with – stipulis and canna contrast with the clay tiles of a rich person’s house

6. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon illa sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, illa consenuere casa paupertatemque fatendo effecere levem nec iniqua mente ferendo. What does the word pia mean? It means “dutiful”, describing how children should treat and respect their parents and also how people should treat and respect the gods and their laws. Comment on the position into which Ovid places this word. Placed right at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis. How in the second line does Ovid continue to keep the reader’s attention on the cottage and its age? illa is placed at the beginning and end of the line for emphasis; followed by “youth”, then by “old age”.

7. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon illa sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, illa consenuere casa paupertatemque fatendo effecere levem nec iniqua mente ferendo. Explain the effect created by the repetition of the gerunds – fatendo (“by admitting”) and ferendo (“by bearing”), both their sounds and their positions. Exactly the same endings, exactly the same positions in the line; help to emphasise how B & P’s attitude to life – admitting their poverty and refusing to get stressed by it, - helped them to be relaxed about it Are there other word positions which help to underline this same point? The juxtaposition of levem and nec iniqua mente, doubling up of words describing their attitude to life can only help to emphasise it.

8. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS nec refert, dominos illic famulosne requiras: tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque iubentque. Translate these two lines. Nor does it matter whether you asked for the masters or the slaves there; the whole household was the two of them, the same people took orders and gave orders. How does Ovid use (a) the positions of words and (b) the choice of words to emphasise again how humble B & P’s house is? • Juxtaposition of the opposites dominos and famulos – they are indistinguishable. • The juxtaposition of the opposites parent and iubent • The tying together of the two ideas with the –que • Line starts with tota -emphatic position and leads one to think “big”; then brought right back down with duo.

9. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS ergo ubi caelicolae parvos tetigere penates summissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes, membra senex posito iussit relevare sedili, cui superiniecit textum rude sedula Baucis. List the words Ovid uses that help to emphasise their poverty parvos, summisso, humiles, rude What two actions by B & P show that they understand the laws of hospitality? They offer their guests a seat and they try to make it look welcoming. What effect is Ovid trying for when he puts caelicolae and parvos next to each other? He uses a very “posh” word caelicolae – “heavenly dwellers” and a very humble word parvos next to each other to emphasise even more how humble is the home of B & P.

10. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS ergo ubi caelicolae parvos tetigere penates summissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes, membra senex posito iussit relevare sedili, cui superiniecit textum rude sedula Baucis. In lines 3 and 4 comment on the positions of the two words senex and Baucis. These two words bracket/ enclose the two actions showing hospitality and show both B & P working together and playing their part in “getting it right”. What does Ovid mean when he describes Baucis as sedula? It means “busy”; Ovid is showing how Baucis, though old, bustles about making sure that everything is right for the guests, because hospitality matters.

11. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS inde foco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes suscitat hesternos foliisque et cortice sicco nutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili; Translate the underlined words. She livened up yesterday’s fire and fed it with leaves and dry bark What does anili mean? comment on the position of the word. anilis means “belonging to an old woman”; position right at the end for emphasis – it’s a lot of work for an old lady but hospitality means it must be done.

12. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS inde foco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes suscitat hesternos foliisque et cortice sicco nutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili; Why does Ovid describe the fire lighting business in such detail 9 (including the two lines on the next slide!)? • it is a way of emphasising the dedication of the old woman to getting the hospitality right. • it allows Ovid to show off his cleverness in that instead of saying “she lit a fire” he can “spin it out” with details and build a picture in words • it reminds his audience – urban sophisticates – what simple country life with all its perceived virtues is really like.

13. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto detulit et minuit parvoque admovit aeno, What aspects of B & P’s life is Ovid emphasising in these lines? • Their poverty – the small (parvo) bronze pot they have • Their peasant carefulness in gathering and storing their firewood In these lines (and the previous three) describing the fire lighting, what do you notice about use of language that helps to make the episode more vivid? It is made up of a series of short sentences joined by et, with no subordinate clauses to take the listener’s attention away from the series of activities.

14. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS quodque suus coniunx riguo collegerat horto truncat holus foliis; Translate these lines: And she stripped of its leaves a vegetable which her husband had collected in/from their well watered garden How do these lines help to build up the picture of B & P which Ovid seems to be developing? • Three points: • emphasises self sufficiency, cultivating your own land, which Romans see as part of the virtue of earlier times • poverty means you have to grow what you are going to eat • riguo suggests careful, planned peasant activity (think about storing the firewood in the last screen)

15. furca levat ille bicorni sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem exiguam sectamque domat ferventibus undis. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS What two words in these lines express the simple/poor living conditions of Baucis and Philemon? • sordida ~ smoked • nigro ~ smoke blackened • In a “posher” house this item, a side of bacon, would not have been in the living room! What two words or phrases in these lines illustrate B & P’s frugality – the habit of carefully considering all their spending of resources • servato diu ~ saved up for a long time, ready for a “rainy day” • exiguam ~ a tiny piece; they may be guests but you still have to be careful with what you have!

16. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas sentirique moram prohibent. What are these medias horas which they fill with conversation? The hours intervening between their coming to the house and the dinner which is being prepared. What part of the verb is sentiri? Present Infinitive Passive: to be noticed What is the moram which they are prevented from noticing? The delay in the dinner appearing on the table; B & P would feel guilty about that (see below after the wine bowl filling); although not really their fault the thinking must have been that you should always have something to hand for an unexpected guest.

17. erat alveus illic fagineus dura clavo suspensus ab ansa; is tepidis impletur aquis artusque fovendos accipit. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS What are the three things in these lines which Ovid uses to show the low living standards of B & P; what is he contrasting it with for his listeners? • The bowl is of beechwood (fagineus); a cheap country material, contrasted with bronze or ceramic • It has a rough wooden handle rather than some beautifully finished metal handle • It is hanging by a nail, as opposed to being on a shelf or suspended on some well made hook. Translate fovendos To be relaxed/ soothed Why does Ovid describe the bowl before saying what it was used for? To highlight the hospitality issue –it’s rough but still does the job.

18. in medio torus est de mollibus ulvis impositus lecto sponda pedibusque salignis; vestibus hunc velant quas non nisi tempore festo sternere consuerant, sed et haec vilisque vetusque vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS What are the features of the room that Ovid highlights; what contrasts is he implying? • de mollibus ulvis- soft grasses for stuffing as opposed to down and feathers perhaps. • salignis – couch made of willow, peasant furniture, opposed to rare woods, marble inlays, expensive metals. • non nisi tempore festo – have to look after it and only bring out on special occasions; in a rich house such coverings would be in evidence all the time • vilisque vetusque – both inexpensive and old;contrast to rich urban houses with expensive and either modern or real antique.

19. in medio torus est de mollibus ulvis impositus lecto sponda pedibusque salignis; vestibus hunc velant quas non nisi tempore festo sternere consuerant, sed et haec vilisque vetusque vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS What tense is consuerant? Pluperfect What case is lecto? Dative ~ placed onto the bed How would you translate the “et” in line 4? even Comment on the alliteration in lines 3 & 4; what letter is involved; why is Ovid doing it? The letter is “v” ~ vestibus .. velant ..vilisque ..vetusque … vestis; Is he highlighting the covering in this way since it is a good example of how careful and yet dignified B & P are in their poverty?

20. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS accubuere dei. Sentences do not get any shorter than this: discuss why at this point in the story Ovid introduces this very short and sharp sentence. • He has previously presented descriptions of the fire lighting and getting the furniture ready which were in detailed, involved and “complicated” sentences – this makes a striking contrast at the point where the gods (though remember B & P still do not know they are gods!) finally get to recline and start their meal. • It makes a sharp break between the preparations and the actual meal. • Possibly it helps to reinforce for the listeners that the guests are gods – this is in a sense the whole point of the story.

21. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS The old lady with her skirts tucked up and with shaking hands set up the table. One of its three legs was too short so she shoved a piece of broken pot under to make it level; then she wiped the top over with fresh green mint. Next she set out some olives, green ones and black ones (the berries of the maiden goddess Minerva), some wild cornel-cherries picked in the autumn and pickled in wine lees, endives and radishes, cream cheese, and eggs lightly roasted in the warm ashes of the fire. All these things were served on plates of earthenware. Next a mixing bowl of the same material and with a raised pattern was put upon the table; then cups made of beechwood coated on the inside with yellow wax. There wasn't long to wait before the great banquet was brought piping hot from the fire-place. Some wine which wasn't very old was poured out, and then put to one side to make room for the second course: nuts and figs, dried dates, plums, sweet-smelling apples in wide baskets and purple grapes freshly picked from the vines. In the middle was a beautiful white honeycomb. Added to all this there were honest faces and rich good nature. This section in English needs to be known for its subject matter. The best way is probably to analyse and sort it into the themes of the poem. See the next slide.

22. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS ~The English bridging section~

23. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS interea totiens haustum cratera repleri sponte sua per seque vident succrescere vina; Translate the phrase totiens haustum As often as it was emptied ….. How does Ovid in these lines emphasise the strangeness of what happened? Half of the second line is taken up with sponte sua and per se – a real stress on how spontaneous the incident was

24. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS attoniti novitate pavent manibusque supinis concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant. What is the novitate that scares them? The strangeness of what happened to the wine in the mixing bowl. Comment on the word order in the second line. • The –que help to tie together Baucis and Philemon. • The names Baucis and Philemon surround the preces and suggest that this is very much a joint prayer – that is one of the themes of the poem – mutual affection and long marriage. • To emphasise why they pray timidus is also tucked into the sentence close up against preces

25. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS attoniti novitate pavent manibusque supinis concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant. Explain why they need to ask forgiveness for the dapes. They clearly feel that though they have done the best they can it is still a pretty humble feast and not really suitable for honoured guests who, after the wine bowl incident, they are perhaps beginning to feel are more than ordinary humans….. Explain why they feel they need to ask forgiveness for nullis paratibus They are running around “like headless chickens” getting food ready and so on; they perhaps feel that if they took their duties of hospitality really seriously they would have had something ready just in case and that the guests will see what is happening as a total lack of preparation.

26. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae, quem dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant; Why is the fact that the goose is unicus important? • It underlines B & Ps poverty again – they can only afford to have one. • It makes the second line even more moving – even though it is the only one B & P will sacrifice it to try to make things right with the gods of hospitality. Explain the humour of minimae custodia villae. Geese were regular guard animals but no doubt Ovid’s listeners would think immediately of the flock of sacred geese guarding the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline – a huge contrast to this little cottage out in the country with its one goose!

27. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat eluditque diu tandemque est visus ad ipsos confugisse deos. How in the first line through his word order does Ovid emphasise the humour of this situation. Using an A B A B word order he puts side by side a swift animal and slow shuffling humans. deos is last word in the sentence; what could be a reason for putting it in this emphatic position? • Emphatically reminds the listeners again that the story is about gods. • B & P still do not know their guests are gods but they will in a line’s time. • Makes a nice bridge/hinge between the not knowing time while B & P are trying to uphold the laws of hospitality and the knowing time that is shortly to come.

28. superi vetuere necari 'di’que 'sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas impia' dixerunt; 'vobis immunibus huius esse mali dabitur. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS Two punishments from the gods – Prometheus having his liver eaten out every day by an eagle and Sisyphus being condemned for ever to try to roll a boulder to the top of the hill – he always slips back just as he gets there! Comment on Ovid’s use of words at the moment the gods reveal themselves to B & P. It is strikingly simple language – di sumus, - where one might expect thunder and lightning and drum rolls perhaps! It is all the more effective for being so simple. Why is the vicinia impia? Impiety has to do with not doing what is expected in relation to the gods and obeying the rules, as it were, when dealing with them. The laws of hospitality come from the gods and therefore anyone who breaks them, as people did in closing their doors against the visitors, is effectively going against what the gods expect in the way of behaviour.

29. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS modo vestra relinquite tecta ac nostros comitate gradus et in ardua montis ite simul.' parent ambo baculisque levati nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo. What are the three commands the gods give B & P? discuss how effective the language is. relinquite – leave; comitate – accompany; ite – go; This is a tricolon – a set of three – to create a sense of emphasis and finality. Very simple sentences connected with ac and et help to high- light what the gods say. In the last line the syllables are long, long, long, long, long, long, long, short, short, long, short, short, long, long; how do the metre and the sense go together here? All the long syllables help to illustrate how hard it was for B & P to plod up the steep slope.

30. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta missa potest; flexere oculos et mersa palude cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere. Comment on the simile Ovid uses to express the distance B & P were from the top. Probably not as unfamiliar a simile to Ovid’s listeners as it is to us. Comment on the tantums in these lines. The repetition helps to underline the second one – only B & P’s house remained; the position of the second one, just after the line break, is quite powerful in emphasising what he is saying.

31. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum, illa vetus dominis etiam casa parva duobus vertitur in templum; What are the ea which they marvel at? The flood and the fact that only their house still survived. What are the words which show us B & Ps character? Deflent fata suorum shows that even if B & P know their neighbours did wrong in not welcoming guests, they can still feel sorry for them. How does Ovid by his use of words in lines 2 and 3 emphasise the change in B & Ps fortunes? Uses the words vetus and parva to show small size, stresses the duobus with etiam and then contrasts their small cottage with the temple into which it turns.

32. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS furcas subiere columnae, stramina flavescunt aurataque tecta videntur caelataeque fores adopertaque marmore tellus. Point by point, compare the features of the temple which emerges with what Ovid has told us about B & P’s previous cottage. Columns of marble –v- tree trunks holding up the roof Roof covering of gold sheet –v- straw thatch Golden roof –v- grubby brown(?) Carved/embossed doors –v- plain plank door if a door at all Ground covered with marble –v- earthen floor How does Ovid make very vivid the metamorphosis of the cottage into a temple? He makes it into a sequence of events with a series of short sentences joined by –que; the changes become more and more extravagant perhaps as the transformation goes on.

33. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS talia tum placido Saturnius edidit ore: ‘dicite, iuste senex et femina coniuge iusto digna, quid optetis.' Why does Ovid not just write: “Jupiter said ….? This is the key moment of the story, when Jupiter makes the arrangements which eventually will lead to the change/metamorphosis which the story is ostensibly about. Therefore Ovid uses very formal language: Saturninus instead of Jupiter and edidit talia ore instead of inquit Why is Philemon described as iuste? Just – because he behaved properly in following the laws of hospitality. How does Ovid tie B & P together in this section? With his repetition of iuste/iusto.

34. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS cum Baucide pauca locutus iudicium superis aperit commune Philemon: Which theme of the poem do these lines illustrate. The mutual affection of Baucis and Philemon – annis iuncti iuvenalibus , consenuere, tota domus duo sunt, femina coniuge iusto digna, - which means P consults B about the matter and reaches an agreed decision (iudicium commune). Comment on the position and effect of the word commune? Separated from iudicium, close to the end of the sentence, next to Philemon, So emphasises the agreement in the decision and ties Philemon at the end of the sentence with Baucis at the beginning of the sentence.

35. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS 'esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri poscimus, et quoniam concordes egimus annos, auferat hora duos eadem, nec coniugis umquam busta meae videam neu sim tumulandus ab illa.' Translate the third and fourth lines. May the same hour take away the two (of us) and may I never see the funeral pyre of my wife nor may I be buried by her.

36. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS vota fides sequitur; templi tutela fuere, donec vita data est. Suggest why Ovid spends no time in describing the years during which B & P were the guardians of the temple. His theme is metamorphosis – person or god changing into something else, - and he is eager to get on to that; what happened during the years when B & P were priests of the temple contributes nothing to explaining why this change took place.

37. annis aevoque soluti ante gradus sacros cum starent forte locique narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis, Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS Comment on the phrase annis aevoque soluti. Alliterative to emphasise how old they are and therefore to signpost what is about to happen as they come to the end of their lives. Describe how Ovid uses word order to illustrate what happens to B & P at this point in the story. • Philemon and Baucis are repeated, in the subject and the object cases to show the greening happening simultaneously to both. • Order of Philemon and Baucis switched round to emphasise the interweaving of the two. • frondere is repeated to emphasise the greening of both of them.

38. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS iamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta 'vale' que 'o coniunx' dixere simul, simul abdita texit ora frutex. Comment on the position of mutua and explain why Ovid has put it in that position. At the beginning of the line for emphasis; helps to underline one of the themes of the poem – mutual affection and long marriage, - mutua dicta. Comment on the choice and use of language in the last line. The two simuls are very effective – next to each other, in the middle of the line, separating the two simultaneous events: B & P saying goodbye to each other and the foliage overwhelming their faces.

39. LATIN IUGLANTES VITAI FERIMUS FINIS