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Understanding Atoms, Molecules, and the Periodic Table of Elements

This text explores the fundamental concepts of matter, including atoms, elements, molecules, and compounds. It explains how atoms serve as the building blocks of matter, categorizing elements as pure substances that cannot be broken down. The relationship between solute and solvent is addressed, along with the significance of solubility, boiling and melting points, and density. Additionally, it discusses the organization of the periodic table developed by Dmitri Mendeleev, identifying groups and periods and explaining atomic number and atomic mass.

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Understanding Atoms, Molecules, and the Periodic Table of Elements

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  1. Mrs. Clark Atoms , Solubility and the Periodic Table

  2. Matter • Anything that has a mass and a volume

  3. Atoms • The building blocks of Matter • Consists of Protons (+), Electrons (-), • and Neutrons (N). • All atoms of the same element have the same properties Elements • Consists of only one kind of atom, • Cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means

  4. Molecules • A molecule consists of two or more atoms of the same element, or different elements, that are chemically bound together. • In the animation above, two nitrogen atoms • (N + N = N2) make one Nitrogen molecule .

  5. Compounds • Atoms of two or more different elements bound together. • Can be separated into elements chemically, but not physically. In the animation above, water (H20) is a compound made of Hydrogen and Oxygen.

  6. Solutions • Solutions are groups of molecules that are mixed up in a completely even distribution.

  7. Solute • The substance to be dissolved. Solvent • The one doing the dissolving. Images are from http://www.chem4kids.com

  8. Solubility • Solubility is the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific volume of solvent under certain conditions • Depends on the chemical nature of the solvent • Depends on the temperature of solute and solvent • The most common solvent is water

  9. Making a Solution

  10. Boiling Point • Boiling Point is the temperature at which liquid boils • Each pure substance has a specific boiling point • Examples: • B.P. of Water =100◦ C • B.P. of Nitrogen = -195.79◦C • B.P. of Silver = 2162◦C • B.P. of Carbon = 4072◦C

  11. Melting Point • Melting Point is the specific temperature when melting occurs • Change from solid to a liquid • Each pure substance has it’s own melting point • Ex. • M.P. of Water = 0◦ C • M.P of Nitrogen = -209.9◦C • M.P. of Silver = 961.63◦C • M.P. of Carbon = 3500.0◦C

  12. Density • Density is a comparison of how much matter there is in a certain amount of space. • Ex. People in a square

  13. Periodic Table • Is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties • Elements are arranged left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number • Developed by Dmitri Mendeleev

  14. Columns • Called “Groups” or “Families” • There are 18 groups number 1-18 • Elements in the same group or family have similar characteristics or properties.

  15. Rows • The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods. • There are 7 periods numbered 1-7 • Elements in a period are not alike in properties. • The first element in a period is usually an active solid, and the last element in a period is always an inactive gas.

  16. Interpreting the Periodic Table

  17. Atomic Number • The number of protons in an atom is referred to as the atomic number of that element.

  18. Atomic Mass • The atomic mass is the average mass of an element in atomic mass units ("amu"). 

  19. Mass Number • The sum of the protons and neutrons that make up that nucleus.

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