BELLWORK

1. BELLWORK • Describe the role of the UN in the Falklands War. • List three results of the Falklands War for Argentina. • List three results of the Falklands War for Britain. • List three results of the Falklands War for the Islanders. • THINKER: How did the UN response to the Falklands War compare to the League of Nations response to the Ruhr Crisis? Explain!

2. The Gulf War (1990-1991) Limited War Case Study #2

3. Brief Overview of the Gulf War • 2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991 • Operation Desert Storm • Started when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait • Immediate response and involvement by the US and UN • Biggest fighting coalition since WWII (mostly US, UK, Saudi Arabia & Egyptian forces) • Fought in 2 stages – aerial bombardment & ground assault • Fighting contained to Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi border • Iraq used missiles at Coalition bases throughout S.A. & Israel • UN Resolution 687 implemented cease-fire • Issues over enforcement would lead to another outbreak of war 12 years later

4. Causes of the Gulf War • Long Term Causes • Iran-Iraq War • Decline of Soviet influence • Saddam Hussein’s attempt to expand his influence in the region • Western support for Saddam • Short Term Causes • Iraq’s economic position by 1990 • US failure to give stronger position on Saddam’s actions • Saddam’s invasion of Kuwait • Triggers for War • Limited impact of sanctions • Failure of negotiations • The US need to keep the coalition together • Saddam’s miscalculations

5. Homework • Tonight your reading will focus on the causes of the Gulf War. • Read pgs. 207-215 • Be ready to discuss tomorrow!

6. BELLWORK 1/13 • For bellwork today, I’m going to test your document analysis skills! Read documents A-D on pages 212-213. • Next, respond to questions 1-5 for bellwork. • Be ready to discuss!

7. Saddam Hussein • 5th president of Iraq; 1979-2003 • Leading member of the revolutionary Ba’ath party (advocated Arab nationalism & Arab socialism) • Played a key role in the military coup that brought his party to power in 1968 • Positions of power were held by Sunni Muslims (only 1/5 of population in Iraq)

11. Saddam Hussein’s Family; mid-1980s

12. Saddam Hussein • Once in power, Saddam…….. • Built up military forces (By 1987, 4th largest in the world) • Moved all economic activity under government control • Nationalized the oil industry • Increased oil prices in the 1970’s = rapid economic and social development of Iraq • Execution of government officials • Notorious for using chemical weapons (both in Iran & against the Kurds) • Intense opposition to Israel • Had arsenal of missiles, nuclear program was underway and additional chemical weapons in development

13. Saddam promoted women’s literacy and education in the 1970’s

14. According to Forbes, Saddam was worth $2 billion in 2003. That’s four times more than the Queen of England! Shortly before he invaded Kuwait, he shipped 100 new Mercedes 200 Series cars to top officials in Egypt & Jordan.

15. Saddam Hussein • He suppressed several movements, like Shi’a and Kurdish attempts at independence. • Hussein believed he had to rule with an “iron fist” since Iraq was divided pol, rel, econ, etc. • Western leaders accused him of having WMDs & links to Al-Qaeda (led to US invasion in 2003) • Responsible for the deaths of around one million people (Iraqis, Iran-Iraq War, Kurds, dissenters) • In November 2006, he was convicted of charges relating to human rights violations • He was executed December 30, 2006.

16. Poison Gas attack against a Kurdish village; 1988

17. Review: Causes of the Gulf War • Each person/pair will be assigned a different cause of the Gulf War. • It is your job to explain to the class why it was such a problem and how it led to the Gulf War. • Long Term Causes • Iran-Iraq War • Decline of Soviet influence • Saddam Hussein’s attempt to expand his influence in the region • Western support for Saddam • Short Term Causes • Iraq’s economic position by 1990 • US failure to give stronger position on Saddam’s actions • Saddam’s invasion of Kuwait • Triggers for War • Limited impact of sanctions • Failure of negotiations • The US need to keep the coalition together • Saddam’s miscalculations

18. Why Kuwait? • During the Iran-Iraq War, Kuwait was one of Iraq’s closest allies……so what happened? Why Kuwait? • In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi petroleum through slant drilling • Iraq's inability to pay more than $80 billion that had been borrowed to finance the Iran–Iraq war (Iraq requested the debt be forgiven due to economic troubles – Kuwait refused) • Kuwaiti overproduction of petroleum kept revenues down for Iraq. • Estimated that between 1985 and 1989, Iraq lost $14 billion a year due to Kuwait's oil price strategy. Kuwait's refusal to decrease its oil production was viewed as an act of aggression by Iraq.

19. Rumaila Oil FieldIraq accused Kuwait of using slant drilling across the international border in order to illegally obtain oil. IRAQ Rumaila Oil Field KUWAIT

20. Invasion of Kuwait • August 2, 1990 • Saddam used 100,000 soldiers and 2,000 tanks • Within 12 hours, the Kuwaiti royal family fled and Iraq took control • Declared Kuwait the 19th province of Iraq • The invasion resulted in the seven-month long occupation of Kuwait, and led to direct military intervention by American-led forces in the Gulf War • Also caused the torching of 600 Kuwaiti oil wells

21. Iraqi tanks firing on Kuwaiti strongholds; movement of American tanks

22. More than 600 Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire by the Iraqi forces causing massive environmental and economic damage to Kuwait

25. Justification for invasion of Kuwait Jaber III al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah. Kuwaiti Emir, Jaber III ruled from 1977-2006 and was forced into exile in Saudi Arabia after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. • Iraqi government claimed…… • Kuwait was a natural part of Iraq carved off as a result of British imperialism • The Kuwaiti Emir (title for high-serving official) was a highly unpopular figure among the Kuwaiti people. • By overthrowing the Emir, it granted Kuwaitis greater economic and political freedom.

26. International Response • UN established sanctions • August 8 – US troops are deployed to Saudi Arabia (Desert Shield) • August 10 – Arab League authorized the dispatch of Arab forces to Saudi Arabia • November – UN Security Council authorized the use, of any necessary measures to secure the removal of Iraq from Kuwait (Desert Storm) – starting 1/15/91

28. President George Bush – March 1991: “What is at stake is more than one small country, it is a big idea — a new world order, where diverse nations are drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal aspirations of mankind: peace and security, freedom, and the rule of law”

29. Questions for discussion • Why did the U.S. support Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War? • Why did Saddam dislike Israel? How would this effect his relationship with the West? • What is OPEC? Why did Saddam want to increase his influence in OPEC? • Many historians and politicians consider the Gulf War a simple case of “blood for oil.” To what extent do you agree with this? Explain!

30. HOMEWORK • Read pgs. 215-219 in the Gulf War packet • Focus on strategies used to fight the Gulf War on sea, land and air.