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Mechanical Disciplinary Research

Mechanical Disciplinary Research. Marissa Caldwell, Anya Godigamuwe, Valerie Miller, Yuka Narisako , Jimmy Weaver. Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems (VRF). [James Weaver]. The Vapor Compression Cycle. Condenser Coil. Expansion Valve. Compressor. Evaporator Coil.

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Mechanical Disciplinary Research

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  1. Mechanical Disciplinary Research Marissa Caldwell, Anya Godigamuwe, Valerie Miller,Yuka Narisako, Jimmy Weaver

  2. Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems (VRF) [James Weaver]

  3. The Vapor Compression Cycle Condenser Coil Expansion Valve Compressor Evaporator Coil

  4. Variable Refrigerant Flow/Volume Systems • A VRF System operates by sending refrigerant between an outdoor and indoor unit. • The outdoor unit houses the condenser and compressor. • The indoor unit houses the evaporator. • Refrigerant is varied to each indoor unit based on the desired load using electronic expansion valves or pulse modulating valves. • Heat Recovery is available through the reuse of energy from superheated refrigerant. Figure 2: VRV System in a tall building. Provided by Daikin Industries, Ltd. Goetzler, William. Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems. ASHRAE Journal. April 2007.

  5. Advantages Vs. Disadvantages • Advantages: • Lightweight and modular • Flexible Design • Minimal Ductwork • Individual Comfort Control • Energy Efficient – High Part Load Efficiency • Disadvantages: • Initial Costs • Refrigerant Piping Concerns • Cold Climate Issues • Market Acceptance • Many Require a Dedicated Outdoor Air System Figure 3: Heat Recovery VRF System. Provided by ASHRAE Journal, April 2007. Goetzler, William. Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems. ASHRAE Journal. April 2007.

  6. Potential Project Benefits • A multi-purpose building can benefit from space by space comfort control. • Minimal Ductwork can provide solutions to challenging space and coordination issues. • Energy performance from a VRF system can improve a building operational costs. Figure 4: Temperature distribution in a building. Provided by Daikin Industries, Ltd. Figure 5: VRV system with 100% Outside Air Unit. Provided by Daikin Industries, Ltd. Goetzler, William. Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems. ASHRAE Journal. April 2007.

  7. Thermal Energy Storage [Yuka Narisako]

  8. Thermal Energy Storage – Definition • Store unused energy when it is undesired and release it when it is necessary to reduce energy waste. http://www.calmac.com/products/icebank.asp

  9. Thermal Energy Storage – Types of Systems • Time/Consumption based • Peak shaving • Heating • Hot water tanks in homes • Thermal mass • Cooling • Water pumped from dams • Water storage units • Ice storage units http://www.calmac.com/products/icebank.asp

  10. Thermal Energy Storage – Real World Example • Nissan Technical Center North America Inc. • Farmington Hills, MI • Duquesne University • Pittsburgh, PA • Add ice making chiller and ice storage unit http://www.energystorageexchange.org/

  11. Thermal Energy Storage – Possible Use for Project • Reduce cooling load by installing small chiller and ice storage unit • Lower cost • Reduce size of mechanical room • Possibly provide cooling for future

  12. Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) [Valerie Miller]

  13. [Energy Recovery Ventilator] – Definition • Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERV’s) utilize conditioned waste air energy to precondition outdoor air, by the use of a heat exchanger. • Heating and cooling • All ERV’s transfer sensible heat (temperature); some types transfer latent heat (humidity) Space AirconditioningPLC Sustainable Sources

  14. [Energy Recovery Ventilator] – Types of Systems • Thermal Wheel • Plate to Plate • Runaround Coil Fastlane: Ventilation Equipment Limited Live Building: Integrated Learning Centre

  15. [Energy Recovery Ventilator] – Types of Systems • Thermal Wheel • Enthalpy Wheel • Wheel spins between exhaust and outdoor air duct, transferring the heat from the hotter air to the cooler air • Sensible and Latent heat; transfers heat and moisture • Small cross-contamination • Ducts must be close • Plate to Plate • Runaround Coil Sacramental Municipal Utility District Energy Info. Library Fastlane: Ventilation Equipment Limited Fastlane: Ventilation Equipment Limited Live Building: Integrated Learning Centre

  16. [Energy Recovery Ventilator] – Types of Systems • Thermal Wheel • Plate to Plate • Air streams pass through alternating plates • Air streams never come in contact; no cross-contamination • Ducts must be close • Runaround Coil Fantronix Online Ventilation Solutions Fastlane: Ventilation Equipment Limited Fastlane: Ventilation Equipment Limited Live Building: Integrated Learning Centre

  17. [Energy Recovery Ventilator] – Types of Systems • Thermal Wheel • Plate to Plate • Runaround Coil • Coil’s containing a medium run through the exhaust system • No cross-contamination • Ducts can be any distance Fastlane: Ventilation Equipment Limited Fastlane: Ventilation Equipment Limited Live Building: Integrated Learning Centre

  18. [Energy Recovery Ventilator] – Types of Systems Fastlane: Ventilation Equipment Limited Live Building: Integrated Learning Centre Trane

  19. [Energy Recovery Ventilator] – Example • McAllister Building • (2) enthalpy wheel ERV’s • 73.7% and 71.4% effective • <0.04% cross-contamination OPP Commissioning Wikispaces

  20. [Energy Recovery Ventilator] – Example • Carnegie Mellon University's Intelligent Workplace • Enthalpy wheel • Reduced heating load by 77% • James W. Meacham’s Spring 2003 Senior Thesis • Grade School, Philadelphia, PA • Enthalpy Wheel cost summary showed a cost savings of ~$25,000 in the first year, a 4 day payback period • Installing an Enthalpy Wheel in new construction allows you to downsize equipment and save money up-front • Florida school saved $25,000 up-front by equipment downsizing http://www.flickr.com/photos/32215181@N08/5521845253/in/photostream/ • Greenheck: Energy Recovery Application Manual: Proceedings of IMEC2006: 2006 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition An FPL Technical Primer: Energy Recovery Ventilation • Greenheck: Energy Recovery Application Manual:

  21. Earth-Coupled Systems [Anya Godigamuwe]

  22. Earth-Coupled Systems– Definition • Using the near constant temperature of the Earth to heat spaces in winter and to cool spaces in summer Introduction to Geothermal Technologies / Egg & Howard

  23. Earth-Coupled Systems– Types of Systems Closed Loop Introduction to Geothermal Technologies / Egg & Howard

  24. Earth-Coupled Systems– Types of Systems Open toReinjection Introduction to Geothermal Technologies / Egg & Howard

  25. Earth-Coupled Systems– Types of Systems Standing Column Introduction to Geothermal Technologies / Egg & Howard

  26. Earth-Coupled Systems– Real World Example • 7R Building at EEB Hub, Navy Yard, Philadelphia Source: KieranTimberlake

  27. Earth-Coupled Systems– Real World Example • 7R Building at EEB Hub, Navy Yard, Philadelphia Source: KieranTimberlake

  28. Earth-Coupled Systems– Possible Use for Project Pros Cons • Could provide 80% heating/cooling needs • Short payoff period • Not suited for 24/7 cooling • Requires a large area of land Introduction to Geothermal Technologies / Egg & Howard

  29. Radiant Floor Heating Marissa Caldwell

  30. Radiant Floor Heating – Definition • Supplies heat to the floor from tubing or cables under the floor • Radiant Heat Transfer • Heats from floor up • Natural circulation through convection http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/radiant-heating

  31. Hydronic vs. Electric • Hydronic • Uses pumps and valves to regulate flow based on design temps • Longer to heat up floor • Requires a boiler • Electric • Uses conduit to pass electricity at night to heat the thermal mass, and radiate heat during the day

  32. Radiant Floor Heating– Types of Systems • Wet Installation • Tubing is placed within the concrete slab • Allows for the use of energy storage in the thermal mass • Dry Installation • Plywood is placed on top of the tubing • It can be either sandwiched in or the tubing is stapled to the underside of the flooring http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/radiant-heating

  33. Radiant Floor Heating – Real World Example • Herbert Jacobs House – Wisconsin • Wright 1st to use radiant floor heating in a US home • Hearst Tower – New York • Radiant floor heating was added in their three-story atrium to avoid heating unoccupied space • California Academy of Sciences – California • 35-foot-high museum space, reduced energy through heating by 10% http://www.calacademy.org/academy/building/sustainable_design/

  34. Radiant Floor Heating – Possible Use for Project • This system is ideal for large spaces with high ceilings • Improved indoor air quality • Inexpensive if the building already has a boiler • Allows for open layouts Thermal Dynamics of Radiant Floor Heating – Darren Cent

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