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Rise and Fall of communism

How did this happen?!?. Rise and Fall of communism. Stalin (1927-1953 ) beginning of Cold War Khrushchev (1956-1964) de- stalinization / “peaceful coexistence” Brezhnev (1967-1982) détente/ Brezhnev doctrine -------- Gorbachev (1985-1991) glasnost/ perestroika . Nikita Khrushchev.

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Rise and Fall of communism

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  1. How did this happen?!? Rise and Fall of communism

  2. Stalin(1927-1953) beginning of Cold War • Khrushchev(1956-1964) de-stalinization/“peaceful coexistence” • Brezhnev(1967-1982) détente/ Brezhnev doctrine • -------- • Gorbachev(1985-1991)glasnost/ perestroika

  3. Nikita Khrushchev • 1956 secret speech @ 20th Congress of Communist Party (leads to ea. Eur. relax) • cultural thaw/ Poland, Hungary • some consumer goods production • 1957 - Sputnik • 1958 - “peaceful coexistence” • 1959 - K tours U.S.; schedules Paris Summit for 1960

  4. 1960 - Paris Summit foiled by U-2 spy plane • 1961 - Berlin Wall/Pigs • 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis • 1963 - Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - hot line • Hardliners feel K. has lost his effectiveness… British film – 1964 – dark comedy by Stanley Kubrick

  5. Leonid Brezhnev • Repression; KGB strengthened • 1968 - Prague Spring Crushed ---- Brezhnev Doctrine • Supports US antagonists; eg: Vietnam • 1971 - SALT I; freezes certain weapons programs • 1972 - Grain sales from US to SU

  6. 1974 - DÉTENTE • 1975 - Helsinki agreements • European countries recognize the existing borders of European nations, the principle of national sovereignty, and non-interference in internal affairs, and commitment to human rights • 1979 - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • 1982 - Brezhnev dies • Andropov/ Chernenko

  7. Change comes to Soviet Union • 1985 Gorbachev • faces problems: • lack of economic growth • decline in consumer goods; long lines • absenteeism at work; alcoholism • loss in Afghanistan • inability to continue arms race • dissident opposition • nationalism in republics

  8. Mikhail Gorbachev * Glasnost - openness * censorship relaxed * dissidents released

  9. Gorbachev Reforms • economic perestroika – (but not fast enough for many; eg: Yeltsin) • reduces role of state corporations • encourages foreign investment • allows transition to market economy • trips to US - 1987

  10. Politicalperestroika • Appointment of some “liberals” • 1988 - dissidents & non-communists can be elected to Congress of People’s Deputies • 1989 renounces Brezhnev Doctrine- • Impact on eastern Soviet bloc • Foreign minister Shevardnadze encourages renunciation of Brezhnev Doctrine

  11. 1990 - end to restrictions on religion • Lithuania declares independence from SU • Gorb. unable to stem the tide… • 1990 – Nobel Peace Prize

  12. Yeltsin – leader of Russian Republic

  13. Boris Yeltsin steers a different course for Russia - wants more rapid change • calls for Gorbachev’s resignation • Yeltsin president of Russia • But - hard-liners attempted coup agGorb (fails) • Yeltsin supports Gorbs return • Yeltsin suspends communist party in Russia • Dec 1991 - Gorbachev resigns - end of the Soviet union...

  14. Meanwhile in the satellites... The end of Soviet dominance & the fall of communism

  15. Regime change… • Poland - “10 years” • Hungary - “10 months” • E. Germany - “10 weeks” • Czechoslovakia - “10 days” • Rumania - “10 hours” Background:

  16. Poland • 1956 – revolt • Golmulka (56-70)- new communist leader • but halted collectivization of agriculture • established trade with west • acceptable to Moscow; stayed in Warsaw Pact • Gierek (70-80) • greater freedom -Solidaritygrows • 1980….

  17. Aug 1980 - Lenin shipyard strike at Gdansk (Danzig) • Lech Walesa – • spokesperson for Solidarity trade union - strikes • Gov’t grants concessions • USSR presses Polish gov’t to suppress “revolt” • General Jaruzelski…

  18. 1981 - Jaruzelski imposes martial law: • (2007 – facing charges) • strikes crushed; Solidarity suspended • 1982 - Solidarity declared illegal • 1983 – Nobel Peace Prize - Walesa • by ’88 changes in SU cause increasing discontent in Poland • J. repeals martial law; Solidarity legal • ‘89 elections - Solidarity wins BIG

  19. When Walesa& others were arrested under Jaruzelski’s martial law, Walesa had said: • At this moment, you lost. We are arrested, but you have driven a nail into your communist coffin... You'll come back to us on your knees. • The success of non-violent civil disobedience • 1990-1995 President of Polish Republic

  20. Hungary • 1956 - Uprising in Budapest • Imre Nagy headed new communist govt. • greater independence for Hungary • Soviet troops to withdraw • withdrawal from Warsaw Pact • Soviet invasion - 1956 • Nagy deposed; later executed • Janos Kadar new premier

  21. More open and more market econ. development than most E. Euro 1985 - support for political pluralism • 1989 Janos Kadar out • communist party socialist party • Hungarian Democratic Forum initiates reform - free elections

  22. East Germany • 1949 - Communist Government established • industries dismantled by Soviets • 1971 - Erich Honecker becomes premier (had been in charge of building the Berlin Wall in ‘61) • no reforms even while Gorbachev was making changes in SU • growing # of dissidents

  23. 1989 - demonstrations -Gorbachev declines to back communists • Honecker resigns (Oct 89); Krenz replaces – promises reforms • Russian foreign minister Shevardnadze - “each country has right to absolute freedom of choice” • East Germans interpret “free” to leave (unintentional)…...

  24. November ‘89 - order for the Berlin Wall to be torn down • communist party changed name to socialist • fall of Krenz govt • March 1990 - free elections - unification supporters October 3, 1990 - reunification of Germany

  25. Czechoslovakia • 1968 - Prague Spring • Alexander Dubcek expands intellectual freedom • Summer 68 - Soviet invasion - Brezhnev Doctrine • 1977 - intellectuals sign protest against gov’t restrictions - reprisals

  26. 1989 “The Velvet Revolution” • Vaclav Havel – • poet/playwright leads Civic Forum “party” which forces Husak to resign (‘68) • Dec - Dubcek - chairman of parliament & Havel - President • Jan 1, 1993 - Czech Rep Slovakia

  27. Romania • Most repressive and isolated • Ceausescu - cult of personality; nepotism • C. attempted distance from Moscow during Gorby changes • harsh persecutions/ economic disasters • Dec 15, 1989 - security forces open fire on demonstrators in Hungarian region of Romania • Dec 24, 1989…

  28. C & wife captured as try to flee • “tried” & shot • free elections May 1990 -

  29. Yugoslavia • Marshall Josef Broz Tito • communist dictator 1946-1980 • suppression of ethnic conflict • 1980’s - Serbs dominated govt • Rising Nationalism…

  30. -Slobodan Milosovic • - repression of Albanian nationalism in Kosovo - Serb occupation • withdrawal of republics: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia... • Civil wars as Yugo govt attempts to prevent… Slovenia, Croatia...

  31. Civil War in Bosnia • Yugoslav Serbs attempt to militarily halt division of Yugoslavia • Bosnia: • 1/3 Croat, Muslim, Serb ; Serbs refuse to accept independence from Yugo • Radovan Karadzic - Bosnian Serb leader • ethnic cleansing…

  32. 1995 - Dayton Peace Accords - • division within single state: Bosnian-Croat federation & Serb republic

  33. Challenges in former USSR & Satellites….. • lack of democratic traditions • no other political parties • emergence of nationalist rt. wing parties • restyled communists ----socialists • economic turmoil • Transition to market economy: corruption, organized crime, homelessness, food shortages • ethnic rivalries • Bosnia, Georgia, Chechnya, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, Armenia

  34. Discontent of Ethnic Minorities • Kosovo – 1996-1999 war with Yugoslavia • Most population Albanian • NATO attack on Yugoslavia – 1999; protected status • 2008 – declared complete independence as a sovereign state • Milosevic – war crimes trial

  35. Chechnya -

  36. Putin & Yeltsin

  37. President-elect Dmitry Medvedev

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