Biochemistry of Blood Elements

1. Biochemistry of Blood Elements Vladimíra Kvasnicová The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)

2. Blood Elements Count erythrocytes 4 - 6 x 106 / l leukocytes 4 - 9 x 103 / l neutrophils 47 - 75 % eosinophils 1 - 4 % basophils 0 - 1 % lymphocytes 23 - 45 % monocytes 2 - 11 % thrombocytes 150 - 400 x 103 / l

3. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) The figure is found at http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~hema/hematopoitic%20cell%20differentiation/RBC.htm (March 2007)

4. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) • Function • erythrocyte as a bag forhemoglobin • O2→ transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) • CO2→ transport, formation of HCO3- • H+→ transport, maintaining pH(35% of blood buffering capacity)

5. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) • Structure • large surface(diffusion of gases) • cytoskeletal proteins (elasticity) • membrane as an osmometer(Na+/K+-ATPase) The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)

6. What happens to red blood cells when placed in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions? • acanthocytes • hemolysis(blood, plasma) • osmolarity(285 mosmol/l) The figure is found at http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/bms/nour/bms520/content/blood/b9.htm (March 2007)

7. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) membrane and cytoskeletal proteins hereditary spherocytosis The figures are found at http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/pix/spherocytes_nw.jpgandhttp://www.mie.utoronto.ca/labs/lcdlab/biopic/fig/4.23b.jpg (March 2007)

8. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) • membrane transporters • Na+/K+-ATPase (active transport) • GLUT-1 (insulin independent) • anion exchanger = band 3 protein (Cl-/HCO3-) • membrane antigens • blood groups

9. ABO system The figure is found at http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci422/mosser/ABO.gif (March 2007)

10. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) • metabolism • glucose is the main fuel • 90% anaerobic glycolysis (ATP, lactate: Cori cycle; 2,3-BPG) • 10% hexose monophosphate pathway (NADPH) • enzyme defects : * glucose-6-P dehydrogenase * pyruvate kinase → hemolytic anemia

11. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) • other important enzymes • carbonate dehydratase (= carbonic anhydrase, CA) • methemoglobin reductase • superoxide dismutase • catalase antioxidative system • glutathione peroxidase • glutathione reductase

12. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) superoxide dismutase (SOD) O2• + O2• + 2 H+H2O2 + O2 catalase (CAT) H2O2 + H2O2 2 H2O + O2

13. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 2 GSH + H2O2 GS-SG + 2 H2O 2 GSH + R-O-OHGS-SG + H2O + ROH glutathione = „redox buffer“ The figure is found at http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM47/ResMethods2003/graphics/?M=A (March 2007)

14. glutathione reductase GS-SG + NADPH+H+ 2 GSH + NADP+ Hexose Monophosphate Pathway The figure is found at http://www.med.unibs.it/~marchesi/ppp.html (March 2007)

15. Glutathione system 2 NADPH+H+ The figure is found at http://www.vrp.com/newsimages/march04Fig1.jpg (March 2007)

16. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) • Erythropoesis The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)

17. White Blood Cells(leukocytes) The figure is found at http://faculty.ccp.edu/dept/biol/All_five_leukocytes.jpg (March 2007)

18. White Blood Cells(leukocytes) Classification • granulocytes • neutrophils (phagocytosis) • eosinophils (alergy, parasites) • basophils (alergy) • agranulocytes • monocytes → macrophages • lymphocytes (B, T)

19. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen speciesin blood elements ERYTHROCYTES • enzymes for deactivation of ROS formed from high content of oxygen found in the cells PHAGOCYTES • enzymes for production of ROS and RNS to destroy particles in phagosomes

20. White Blood Cells(leukocytes) Neutrophils(microphages) • high content of lysosoms (hydrolytic enzymes) • few mitochondria • glucose dependent: NADPH production • NADPH is used for production of reactive oxygen species → they kill bacteria • after activation: RESPIRATORY BURST= increased consumption of O2 and glucose

21. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)produced by neutrophils ClO- The figure is found at http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bloodcells/radicals.gif (March 2007)

22. White Blood Cells(leukocytes) iNOS NO· is a reactive nitrogen species used by phagocytes The figure is found at http://www.pigur.co.il/imgpku/no_synthesis.gif (March 2007)

23. proteolytic enzymes / elastase collagenase gelatinase kathepsin G protease inhibitors 1-protease inhibitor(= 1-antitrypsin) 1-antichymotrypsin 2-macroglobulin White Blood Cells(leukocytes) produced by phagocytes = plasma proteins Their ratio affects an extent of inflammation!

24. Basofils contain heparin and histamine The figures are found at http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~lslpc/BioPhyTalk/heparin01.jpg and http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~mqzwww/images/histamine.gif (March 2007)

25. B-lymphocytes produce antibodies (= immunoglobulins, -globulins) ( or ) (, , , , ) The figure is found at http://www-immuno.path.cam.ac.uk/~immuno/part1/lec06/ab12.gif (March 2007)

26. Platelets(thrombocytes) The figure is found at http://image.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$590 (March 2007)

27. Platelets(thrombocytes) participate in hemostasis • adhesion: glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (hyalomera) • activation: free collagen, thrombin, ADP, TxA2, serotonin • contraction of thrombus: Ca2+, glycogen, ATP The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Hemostasis.htm (March 2007)