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Ashley Bradford Structural Option AE Senior Thesis April 15, 2008 Penn State University

Optimization of Building Systems and Processes. The Center for Science & Medicine New York, NY. Ashley Bradford Structural Option AE Senior Thesis April 15, 2008 Penn State University. Building Statistics. Background Information. The Center for Science & Medicine. Existing Conditions.

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Ashley Bradford Structural Option AE Senior Thesis April 15, 2008 Penn State University

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  1. Optimization of Building Systems and Processes The Center for Science & Medicine New York, NY Ashley Bradford Structural Option AE Senior Thesis April 15, 2008 Penn State University

  2. Building Statistics Background Information The Center for Science & Medicine Existing Conditions • Function: • Project Size: • Stories: • Total Cost: • Construction: Laboratory for research & clinical trials 443,291 sq. ft. 11 above grade, 4 below grade $235 million May 2008 – August 2011 Proposal & Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  3. Site Location Background Information The Center for Science & Medicine will be located in Existing Conditions New York City’s Upper Manhattan. Proposal & Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  4. Existing Floor Framing & Foundations Background Information Typical Framing Plan Existing Conditions • Structural steel framing • Composite metal deck, • NWC topping • Typical floor height 15’-0” • Foundation: spread footings Proposal & Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign 202’-0” BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions N Questions 172’-0” Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  5. Existing Lateral System Background Information Existing Conditions Levels 5-10, typical Proposal & Goals Braced Frames at core Lateral System Redesign Moment Frames at perimeter Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions N Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  6. Existing Lateral System Background Information Moment Frames Level 11 Existing Conditions Proposal & Goals Level 10 Moment connections Lateral System Redesign Level 9 Design Implications Shear connections Cost Analysis Level 8 Moment connections Evaluation of Redesign Shear connections BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign “Perforated” exterior cladding system: façade appears to be punched by alternating floor levels Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  7. Problem Statement Background Information Existing Problem: • Moment frames are inefficient. • Double-heighted configuration  frames are not as stiff. Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals • MF-A resists only 19%of E-W lateral load • MF-C resists only 14% of E-W lateral load Lateral System Redesign Design Implications • MF-B resists only 3%of N-S lateral load • MF-D resists only 5% of N-S lateral load Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign • At ≈ $1,000 per connection weld,these frames are very costly for the small amount of stiffness they provide for the structure. BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  8. Proposal and Goals Background Information Overall Goal Existing Conditions • Optimizebuilding systems and processes. Proposal and Goals • This will be accomplished by… Lateral System Redesign Proposal Design Implications • Redesign existing lateral system as a core-only system of concrete • shear walls to eliminate moment frames. Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign • Address & optimize construction issues • (automatic self-climbing formwork) BIM Case Study • Evaluate 3D modeling process for efficiency • and potential benefits Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions • Redesign typical laboratory lighting scheme • for efficiency Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  9. Depth Study Background Information Existing Conditions Lateral System Redesign Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  10. Lateral System Redesign Background Information Applied Lateral Loads Existing Conditions • WIND = controlling lateral load case (over seismic) • As per the NYC Building Code, • Total building height = 184’-0” Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study • BASE SHEAR, E-W = 831 kips (1.4% total building weight) • BASE SHEAR, N-S = 707 kips (1.2% total building weight) Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  11. Shear Wall Design Background Information 16” thick shear walls surround the core. Levels 5-10, typical Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals Shear Walls at Core, enlarged plan Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Shear Wall 1 Evaluation of Redesign Shear Wall 4 Shear Wall 2 BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Shear Wall 3 Conclusions Questions N Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  12. Shear Wall Design Background Information Configuration of Openings Existing Conditions E-W Direction N-S Direction SW-1 SW-3 SW-2 SW-4 Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  13. Shear Wall Design Background Information ETabs Analysis: Equivalent Lateral Force Method • Proposed lateral system modeled in ETabs for 2 purposes: Existing Conditions 1. To determine distribution of lateral load for strength design Proposal and Goals 2. To check drift for serviceability limits Lateral System Redesign • Rigid diaphragm Design Implications • Cracked section properties Cost Analysis • Rigid ends (coupling beams) Evaluation of Redesign • Infinitely stiff springs assigned to sub-grade levels BIM Case Study • Input wind load cases: ASCE 7-05, Figure 6-9 Lab Lighting Redesign • Input load combinations: UBC 1997 • 1.2D ± 0.8W • 1.2D ± 1.3W L • 0.9D ± 1.3W Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  14. Shear Wall Design Background Information ETabs Analysis: Equivalent Lateral Force Method Distribution of lateral load to each wall: Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals East-West North-South 58.1% 75.1% 24.9% Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign 41.9% BIM Case Study Significant torsion! Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  15. Shear Wall Design: Strength Background Information Design for Strength Design Criteria & Methods ACI 318-05, 21.7 Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals • Maximum shear, axial forces & in-plane bending moments given by ETabs analysis. • Required reinforcement calculated by hand. • PCA Column to check combined axial/bending. • Effective flanges considered, where applicable. Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Example: Wall 1, Pier 2 Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Interaction Diagram for W1P1 Lab Lighting Redesign Final Design Conclusions • Flexural reinforcement: (2 curtains) #5 @12,” rmin = rreq’d = 0.0025 • Shear reinforcement: (2 curtains) #5 @12,” rmin = rreq’d = 0.0025 • Boundary element reinforcement: #8 bars, typ. (transverse), rreq’d = 0.01 Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  16. Shear Wall Design Background Information Coupling Beam Design Design Criteria & Method ACI 318-05, 21.7 Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals • Three different coupling beam sizes  Design determined by aspect ratio. Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Final Design Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  17. Shear Wall Design: Strength Background Information Design for Strength Final Design Existing Conditions Typical Details Proposal and Goals • 4’ Span Coupling Beam Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign • Corner Boundary Element (BE28x60) BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign • Boundary Element at Opening (BE28) Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  18. Shear Wall Design Background Information Final Shear Wall Design: E-W Shear Wall 1 Shear Wall 3 Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  19. Shear Wall Design Background Information Final Shear Wall Design: N-S Shear Wall 2 Shear Wall 4 Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  20. Shear Wall Design: Serviceability Background Information Check Serviceability Building Drift Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals • WIND Drift Limits: Lateral System Redesign • Overall Deflection (wind) H/400 • E-W: 2.37” < 5.52” • N-S: 1.26” < 5.52” • Interstory Drift h/400 • E-W: 0.22” < 0.45” • N-S: 0.11” < 0.45” Design Implications Cost Analysis • SEISMIC Drift Limits: Evaluation of Redesign • Interstory Drift 0.02hsxx amp • E-W: 0.13” < 3.6” • N-S: 0.08” < 3.6” BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Proposed lateral system satisfies serviceability requirements. Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  21. Design Implications Background Information 1. Gravity System Existing Conditions • W30 girders resized to W24s at perimeter. Proposal and Goals • Vibration criteria still satisfied in laboratory areas • (2,000 µin/sec limit) Lateral System Redesign 2. Foundation Design Implications • Existing spread footings would need to be redesigned as mat foundation. Cost Analysis • Consider overturning: Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  22. Design Implications Background Information 3. Construction Method Existing Conditions • Steel unions in New York City require that no trade work above them. Proposal and Goals • Use this problematic circumstance to optimize the construction process. Lateral System Redesign • Solution: • PERI Automatic Climbing System (ACS) formwork Design Implications • Allows for steel-first construction Cost Analysis • Faster & more efficient than traditional flying forms Evaluation of Redesign • Safer: no crane necessary BIM Case Study • Requires less physical labor Lab Lighting Redesign • Equipment cost ≈ Labor Cost Conclusions Questions • Courtesy of www.peri-usa.com • Courtesy of www.peri-usa.com Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  23. Cost Analysis Background Information Approximate Cost Analysis Existing Conditions • Savings • Expenses • Elimination of braced/moment frames • Addition of concrete shear walls Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign • + $1,486,400 • (removed steel) • - $556,480 • (materials & placement) Design Implications • - $324,220 • (formwork) • + $1,346,000 • (removed moment connections) Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign • + $2,832,400 • (- $880,700) BIM Case Study • Net savings = $1,951,700 • ≈ 1% total project cost Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions • * Estimate does not include additional costs incurred by changes in foundation Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  24. Evaluation of Redesign Background Information Original Goals Existing Conditions • 1.) Eliminate need for inefficient moment frames Proposal and Goals • Core of shear walls resists 100% of lateral load Lateral System Redesign • 2.) Proposed system more efficient Design Implications • STIFFNESS Cost Analysis • SCHEDULE • Braced/Moment Frame Design • (Original) • Shear Wall Design • (Proposed) • Shortened  no moment connections, quick automatic self-climbing formwork Evaluation of Redesign • BF-1: 34% • BF-3: 33% • MF-A: 19% • MF-C: 14% • SW-1: 58% • SW-3: 42% • E-W load BIM Case Study • 3.) Proposed system more economical • Overall savings almost $2 million. Lab Lighting Redesign • BF-2: 35% • BF-4: 57% • MF-B: 3% • MF-D: 5% • SW-2: 25% • SW-4: 75% Conclusions • N-S load Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  25. Breadth Study 1 Background Information Existing Conditions BIM Case Study Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Structural Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  26. BIM Case Study 3D Modeling Background Information • Designer Skidmore, Owings & Merrill used Existing Conditions • Revit • throughout the design process. • Autodesk’s Proposal and Goals • Architectural • Structural • MEP Lateral System Redesign Design Implications • optimize Cost Analysis • Does building information modeling truly • the design process? Evaluation of Redesign • Interviews conducted with: BIM Case Study • Project Architect • Project Structural Engineer • Digital Design Specialist • Digital Design Coordinator / Structural Drafter Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  27. BIM Case Study 3D Modeling Background Information Existing Conditions • How it Works: a 5-day cycle in the office • Each discipline has its own working 3D model Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign • Days 1 & 2 • Architects post “static” model for all • engineers to access Design Implications • Day 3 Cost Analysis • Engineering disciplines submit models, • all are linked Evaluation of Redesign • Day 4 • Coordination meeting held between • all disciplines BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign • Day 5 • Necessary changes made to all models, • as determined in meeting Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  28. BIM Case Study Conclusion Background Information Existing Conditions • Evaluation of 3D Modeling Implementation Proposal and Goals • PROS • CONS Lateral System Redesign • Project quality improvement • X Training required Design Implications • More coordination early-on • X Learning curve • optimize Cost Analysis • Does building information modeling truly • the design process? • Less conflicts during CD phase & construction phase • X “Heavy” models Evaluation of Redesign • Same amount of total design hours BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions • Yes. Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  29. Breadth Study 2 Background Information Existing Conditions Laboratory Lighting Redesign Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  30. Laboratory Lighting Redesign Typical Laboratory Existing Conditions Background Information • Existing Lighting Plan Existing Conditions • Current Fixtures: Proposal and Goals • Surface ceiling mounted fluorescent • wraparounds with (2) 32W • T8 lamps • (61.5% efficiency) Lateral System Redesign Design Implications • Recessed fluorescents • with (2) 40W twin tube T5 lamps Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  31. Laboratory Lighting Redesign Typical Laboratory Existing Conditions Background Information • Proposed Lighting Plan Existing Conditions • Proposed Fixtures: Proposal and Goals • Corelite Class R2 Shallow Recessed Fluorescent • with (1) 24W 48” T5 lamp • (85% efficiency) Lateral System Redesign Design Implications • Recessed fluorescents • with (2) 40W twin tube T5 lamps Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  32. Final Conclusions Background Information • Primary Goal: Existing Conditions • Optimizebuilding systems and processes: Proposal and Goals • Was this accomplished? Lateral System Redesign • Building Systems: Design Implications • Core-only lateral system is more efficient & economical Cost Analysis • Lab lighting redesign now meets ASHRAE standard and • defined design criteria Evaluation of Redesign • Building Processes: BIM Case Study • PERI ACS formwork is faster & safer Lab Lighting Redesign • 3D modeling in Revit highly beneficial Final Conclusions • Overall success. Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  33. Optimization of Building Systems and Processes Background Information • Questions? Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions • Acknowledgements • Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, LLP – CUH2A, Inc. – KPFF Consulting Engineers – PERI Formwork, Inc. • Dr. Andres LePage – M. Kevin Parfitt – Robert Holland – Dr. John Messner – Dr. Richard Mictrick • Bryan Hart – Landon Roberts – Allen Walker – Julie Davis – Antonio Verne – My Roommates – My Family Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  34. Existing Lateral System Background Information Braced Frames 1 4 2 Existing Conditions East-West 3 BF-1 BF-3 N Proposal & Goals KEY PLAN Lateral System Redesign North-South Structural Implications BF-2 BF-4 Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions • Frames braced concentrically by (2) heavy double tee sections • WT6x39.5 - WT6x68 Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  35. Existing Lateral System A Background Information Moment Frames East-West D B Existing Conditions MF-A MF-C C N Proposal & Goals KEY PLAN Lateral System Redesign Structural Implications • W14 and W24 shapes • Moment connections occur on every other level Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign North-South BIM Case Study MF-B MF-D Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  36. Lateral System Redesign Background Information Applied Lateral Loads Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Structural Implications Effects on Construction Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  37. Lateral System Redesign Background Information Applied Lateral Loads Existing Conditions Seismic Loads, per NYC Building Code Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Structural Implications Effects on Construction Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  38. Shear Wall Design: Strength Background Information Design for Flexure and Shear Flexural Strength: ACI 318-05, 21.7 Existing Conditions • Maximum axial forces and in-plane bending moments given by ETabs. Proposal and Goals • PCA Column used to check combined axial/bending. • Effective flanges considered, where applicable. Lateral System Redesign Structural Implications Example: Wall 1, Pier 1 (base) Effects on Construction Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  39. Lateral System Redesign Background Information Design for Strength Shear Strength Existing Conditions Nominal shear strength for structural walls shall not exceed: Vn = Acv (ac√f’c + rnfy) Nominal shear strength of all wall piers sharing a common lateral force shall not exceed: 8Acv √f’c Nominal shear strength of any one pier shall not exceed: 10Acp √f’c Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Structural Implications Effects on Construction Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  40. Boundary Element Design Background Information Boundary Element Design Design Criteria & Method ACI 318-05, 21.7 Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals • Designed for compression zones where max extreme compressive fiber > 0.2f’c. • Must extend horizontally into web of wall the larger distance of: • c – 0.1lw OR c/2 Lateral System Redesign Structural Implications • Locations checked: • Each corner of the core, at base level • Each end of individual piers adjacent to openings Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign • BE length and reinforcement (longitudinal & transverse) designed by hand BIM Case Study • Each section checked in PCA column for combined bending/axial strength Lab Lighting Redesign Final Design • 7 typical BE sections • Selected reinforcement: • Flexural:(2 curtains) #8 bars,r≥1% Ag (BE) • Shear/Confinement: #3 hoops & ties @ 4”,As ≥0.44in2 per 4” Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  41. Shear Wall Design: Strength Background Information Design for Strength Final Design Existing Conditions Typical Details Proposal and Goals • Section at Shear Wall, typ. Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  42. Boundary Element Design Background Information Boundary Element Design Final Design Existing Conditions Boundary Element Summary Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Structural Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

  43. Design Implications Background Information 3. Construction Method Existing Conditions Proposal and Goals Lateral System Redesign Design Implications Cost Analysis Evaluation of Redesign BIM Case Study Lab Lighting Redesign Conclusions Courtesy of PERI Formwork Systems, Inc. Questions Ashley Bradford The Center for Science & Medicine Structural Option

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