FLIP LEARNING

1. TASK: • Complete the sheet which asks you to do the following: • Define the word ‘pretender.’ • Define the word ‘imposter’. • The main threat to Henry came from people who often ‘pretended’ to be someone else. Which people did they pretend to be? (p. 25) • Copy and complete the following diagram with particular emphasis to the points in the box. • Challenge: Highlight the similarities and differences between the rebellions • Additional research: In addition read the BBC article, ‘Did the Tudors invent the War of the Roses’ and add any additional information to your notes from last lesson. Also read the article, ‘Henry VII: Out of the Shadows?’ to add extra detail on the type of person he was. • (The page numbers refer to the A level textbook with Henry VIII on the front. If you are struggling to get hold of a book then have a look online as there is plenty of information available. Also have another look at the ‘Winter King’ as there is some information on there too. ) FLIP LEARNING At the end of last lesson you were given this independent learning. Its now time to see what you have come up with. Task: Swap your sheet with your partner and add in any information that might be missing in GREEN PEN. You will also be referring to this information as we progress through the lesson.

2. What threats did Henry VII face? ‘Pretenders’ Other types of rebellion Based on the information you collected, which one do you think was considered the biggest threat by Henry? Why?

3. What threats did Henry VII face? Good learning: Understand the different rebellions Henry faced, particularly the Simnel and Warbeck rebellions Great learning: Explain the similarities and differences between these rebellions Even better: Evaluate which of these rebellions threatened Henry the most Key Word: How important was the role of key individuals and groupsand how were they affected by developments? How effectively did the Tudors restore and develop the powers of the monarchy?

4. Simnel Rebellion 1487 • WHAT HAPPENED • Henry pardoned known rebels (e.g. Thomas Broughton) to get them on side • June 4th 1487: Simnel & army landed at Furness-Lancashire; marched across the Pennines then south • Did not receive much support (locals suspicious of the Irish, and did not want civil war) • Henry prepared; the two armies met outside of Newark at East Stoke on June 16th 1487. • BATTLE OF EAST STOKE • Simnel - 8,000 vs. Henry 12,000 men in a battle that was 3 hours long! • Initially, Simnel’s force held the upper hand • However the king’s army held firm. Over half of Simnel’s force was killed • consequences • Symonds was arrested and sentenced to life in a bishop’s prison. • Simnel was given a position in the king’s kitchen (recognised he was a pawn) • Simnel was later promoted the post of king’s falconer • Those nobles who had supported Simnel were not as generously treated. • 23 had their land confiscated • This served a dual purpose. • It sent a clear message that anyone who betrayed the king would be severely dealt with. • It also enhanced Henry’s wealth as all attainted land and estates became his property • background • Symonds (Yorkist priest from Oxford) taught Simnel. Symonds, and thought that Simnel looked like Edward IV • Symonds decided to pass off Simnel as Richard of York (one of the Princes in the Tower, and Edward IV’s son) • Symonds took Simnel to Ireland, because it was a centre of Yorkist support. • The Irish decided to pass him off as the Earl of Warwick instead (King Edward IV nephew) • The Lord Lieutenant there, the Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel as King. • King Henry produced the real Earl of Warwick to demonstrate the falseness of this claim…  • Support • Duchess of Burgundy: She gave Simnel 2000 German soldiers/mercenaries • Ireland: Simnel went to Ireland, where he was crowned king in Dublin in May 1487. • John de la Pole (Earl of Lincoln) rallied the cause and fled via Flanders to Ireland in May 1487. • If Henry lost control of his senior nobility, his chance of remaining king was limited…

5. Warbeck Rebellion 1491-99 HENRY’S REACTION • Henry had a spy network across England/mainland Europe • The 1495 Parliament passed Acts of Attainder • Stanley = executed and his estates passed to the king • Lord Fitzwalter (Henry’s steward) = executed. • BUT Sir Robert Clifford = plotter but seemed working for the king all along - full pardon and reward WHAT HAPPENED • July 1485: Warbeck tried to land in Kent (disaster & sails back to Ireland) • From Ireland, Warbeck sailed for Scotland • James IV gave Warbeck refuge a pension of £1200 a year • James saw Warbeck as an opportunity to disrupt England (rather than believing Warbeck’s claim to the throne) • James attack on Warbeck’s behalf: disaster • Scotts are brutish = Warbeck doesn’t go South with them • Henry offers James a truce (marry his daughter) • July 1497 Warbeck went back to Ireland • Not welcome and sailed for Devon • Warbeck fled to Beaulieu Abbey where he hoped to find safety • The monks give him up • Henry allowed Warbeck to remain at court where he could be watched • In 1499, Warbeck charged trying to escape for a 2 time, found guilty and hanged November 23rd 1499. BACKGROUND • Warbeck arrived in Cork (Ireland) in the autumn of 1491 on a ship selling silk. • People thought Warbeck (spoke poor English) was the Earl of Warwick • Warbeck denied it; he claimed that he was Richard (Prince in Tower) • Professor S B Chrimes: Warbeck’s appearance in a stronghold York family was planned. Charles VIII, Margaret were behind the plot. • Margaret was involved in the Simnel Rebellion and before his death, Warbeck did mention the “French king” INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT • Charles VIII • Welcomed Warbeck + 100 Yorkists into Paris in 1492 • Charles VIII lost interest in Warbeck; directed his attention/finance to north Italy, invaded 1494 • Margaret took him in Burgundy (Henry broke off cloth trade) • The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian also supported Warbeck but… • Maximilian was far less powerful in reality (difficulties enforcing authority across his empire)

6. Comparing Simnel and Warbeck…

7. Rebellions (Lovell) • context • Organised by Francis Lovell (councillor for Richard III) and his Yorkist associates Humphrey and Thomas Stafford • Plotted to raise troops in 1486 to kill the King as he progressed to the North of England. • WHAT HAPPENED • Henry VII had used spies to follow Lovell and the Stafford brothers following their defeat at Bosworth. • Lovell l took sanctuary in Colchester Abbey and then escaped before raising troops at Middleham (Yorkshire) Henry’s agents tracked down the Staffords in Culham Church in Oxfordshire = arrested. • Sir Richard Edgecombe and Sir William Tyler were appointed to apprehend Lovell. • Lovell escaped but was forced to leave the country after an abortive rising in Yorkshire. • CONSEQUENCES • Not dangerous to HVII’s position as King • Lovell failed and fled to Burgundy

8. Rebellions (Yorkshire) • Causes • 1489: Henry VII planned to assist Brittany (help maintain Brittany’s independence from France so they rely on England) • 1489, Parliament voted (gave) Henry £100,000 in his quest to support Brittany. • Yorkshire opposed to the tax because they did not believe that war would impact them • There was already strong resentment about a Lancastrian monarch (especially as a Yorkist one had been overthrown) • Yorkshire had been badly hit by a poor harvest and many in Yorkshire saw this tax as a tax too far • Other northern counties were exempted from paying the tax (using their finances to defend England from Scotland) • Henry (Earl of Northumberland) Percy, told HVII how people in Yorkshire felt about the tax • However, Henry was in a very difficult position. • If he did not assert his authority, others would view him as a weak leader and take advantage • He believed in the reason– supporting Brittany, which might assist England in the future. • He refused to listen and Northumberland returned north with nothing. • After informing the people in Yorkshire that the king would not bend, Northumberland was murdered • what happened • Sir John Egremont led the York rebels. • The Earl of Surrey easily put down their rising and Egremont fled to Burgundy • CONSEQUENCES • Henry travelled north and issued many pardons for those who were involved • Henry faced no more problems in the north though he failed to collect the region’s tax quota

9. Rebellions (Cornwall) • context • Like the uprising in Yorkshire in 1489, the 1497 rebellion in Cornwall was based around a tax demand. • January 1497: Parliament voted for a tax to finance the campaign against James IV • The Cornish refused to pay for a campaign in the north and which had no impact on Cornwall. • WHAT HAPPENED • Led by Joseph and Flammock, the rebels set out from Bodmin in May 1497. • They marched east and gained their recognised leader, the impoverished Lord Audley • On June 16th, the rebels reached the outskirts of London and 15,000 of them camped on Blackheath. • The king’s army, led by Lord Daubeney, had little trouble beating the rebels - effectively leaderless. • It is thought that about 1,000 of the rebels were killed at the so-called Battle of Blackheath. • Some were taken prisoner but many of the rebels simply fled. • The leaders were put to death including the blacksmith Joseph and Lord Audley. • consequences • They marched from Bodmin (South-West England) – Blackheath (outside of London), without anyone challenging them. • Hardly threatened Henry’s position, but it did show the fragility of the political and social structure

10. How much of a threat were the rebellions that Henry faced? Now that we have looked the two rebellions in detail and made comparisons between the two, it is now time to consider how much of a threat each one was. Task: Give each of the rebellions a mark out of 10 for how much of a threat they were. Explain your answer with consideration to the points opposite • Is it masses or elites or both? • Is it economic or political? • Is it local – national? • Is it short or prolonged threat? • Does it have foreign support or not? • If so what is nature of support – troops/money or good luck!? • Is it a dynastic threat – yes or no – why? • Henry’s action – does he suggest its serious?

11. LESSON 2FPEAR

12. What was the biggest cause of rebellions under Henry VII? Looking back at the work you have done so far on the rebellions under Henry, it is now time to think which was the biggest cause of the rebellions; was it local issue or challenge to Henry’s authority? Take a look at last years exam question below…. Q: ‘Local issues were the most significant reasons for rebellion in the reign of Henry VII.’ Assess the validity of this view. TASK Based on your study of history so far, how would you approach answering this question (structure wise, not content wise!)

13. What was the biggest cause of rebellions under Henry VII? INTRODUCTION DEFINE ANY KEY WORDS CREATE A CRITERIA PUT FORWARD YOUR JUDGEMENT 3 X FOR PARAGRAPHS (PEEL) 3X AGAINST PARAGRAPHS (PEEL) CONCLUSION Reassert your judgement (from your conclusion) and explain why your main body paragraphs PROVE that you are right!

14. What was the biggest cause of rebellions under Henry VII? Looking back at the work you have done so far on the rebellions under Henry, it is now time to think which was the biggest cause of the rebellions; was it local issue or challenge to Henry’s authority? TASK: Take a look at last years exam question below and try to come up with some brief evidence that you could use in support and against the question. You should also write a mini conclusion with what you think and the evidence you would use to support your answer. Q: ‘Local issues were the most significant reasons for rebellion in the reign of Henry VII.’ Assess the validity of this view.

15. ‘Local issues were the most significant reasons for rebellion in the reign of Henry VII.’ Assess the validity of this view. Arguments supporting the view that local issues were the most significant reason for rebellions in the reign of Henry VII might include: A key reason for the Yorkshire Rebellion was the raising of a subsidy to provide for the assistance to Brittany. People in Yorkshire were resentful of the taxation, believing that the issues underlying the taxation had little to do with Yorkshire. The region was also affected by economic problems. The Cornish Rebellion was in response to the attempt to raise taxation to support the defence of the Northern Marches against the possible invasion of James IV. The Cornish viewed the military requirements of the North as having little to do with them. It is possible to argue the support for the Yorkist cause, both for and against the statement in the question. Support for Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck came from the regions where the Yorkist kings had their traditional power base.

16. ‘Local issues were the most significant reasons for rebellion in the reign of Henry VII.’ Assess the validity of this view. Arguments challenging the view that local issues were the most significant reason for rebellions in the reign of Henry VII might include: The challenges of Stafford/Lovell, Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck were direct challenges to the authority and position of Henry Tudor. The Cornish rebellion culminated in an armed march to London – this was a direct challenge to the authority of Henry VII and required him to use force against the rebels at Blackheath. The rebellions can be seen as direct challenges to Henry VII’s authority/dynastic claim.. Whilst Perkin Warbeck gained little support in England for this challenge, those who supported Lambert Simnel were rebels and their activity at the Battle of Stoke was a rebellion against Henry VII

17. What threats did Henry VII face? In the exam you could easily be asked a question in relation to the rebellions Henry VII faced. For example, a question could be posed like the one below: • In this case you are given three extracts (which are in fact HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS) that cover a range of arguments and opinions in relation to the threats and rebellions Henry faced. • You are expected to: • Pull out the key arguments • Explain in what ways it is convincing • Explain in what ways it is not convincing • Conclusion: How convincing is it. • Throughout you are also to draw on the tone of the writer, support and challenge with your own knowledge and pull out any evidence from the extract. Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the threats to Henry VII’s position in the years 1485 to 1509. [30 marks] Task: We are now going to look at 2 extracts that focus on the Simnel and Warbeck rebellions to see which we feel is the most convincing.

18. What threats did Henry VII face? • Task: You have each been given a worksheet and each person has been asked to look at either extract 1 or extract 2. With your extract you should do the following: • Read through and find the meaning to any words you don’t understand • Underline any specific arguments it makes about Simnel and Warbeck. • Challenge: decide which argument are convincing or not and back up your opinion with your own knowledge • What is the historians overall argument about either Simnel or Warbeck Depending on which extract you have either move to the left or right of the room and discuss what you have found. As a group, feedback to the other side of the room so they can add the information to their extract.

19. What threats did Henry VII face? The Significance of Simnel: A view Moreover, the reality of Simnel was obvious, he was an imposter. Henry VII had paraded the real Warwick up and down the towns in London. Although, the Yorkists were claiming Henry’s Warwick was fake, Simnel managed to obtain support from Ireland, the Low Countries, where the widowed Margaret was ruling and from England (the Yorkists). Henry might have been threatened because as a pretender who had no claim to the throne, gained foreign support and went to battle, unexpectedly becoming King, he knew that anyone, like Simnel, could succeed just as he did. In addition, Henry during this time didn’t have any heir to the throne who could fight for the Tudor dynasty if anything happened; this was certainly the only reason why this rebellion was so serious to Henry. Nevertheless, Henry’s forces defeated Simnel’s army but this didn’t end the threat from pretenders as his reign would be plagued by pretenders. Historian Judgement on the Outcome of Lambert Simnel - Rogers & Turvey Some historians view Henry’s victory at the Battle of East Stoke (near Newark) as the last battle of the Wars of the Roses. It could have been a second Bosworth! However after his victory Henry, never again faced an army composed of his own subjects on English soil, although further rebellions did follow. Henry was victorious, in spite of foreign intervention on the side of the rebels. However, the fact that such a ridiculous scheme almost succeeded indicates that the country was still very unsettled and shows how fragile was Henry’s grasp on the crown. It was no coincidence that on 25 November his wife, Elizabeth of York and mother of his heir, was belatedly crowned queen. This was designed to unite the nation and to secure the goodwill of the people (esp Yorkist malcontents) Which one is the most convincing?

20. Which was the biggest threat to Henry? Warbeck Simnel

21. FLIP LEARNING • TASK: • What is an interpretation? • What is evidence? • Read Henry VII Rebellions article, ‘Henry VII, Pretenders and Rebellions’ and answer the questions at the end. • Revise everything you have learning on rebellion as there is going to be a fact test next lesson! • Additional research: read the article on Margaret of Burgundy and explain how much of a threat she was to Henry VII • Next lesson you will be having a folder check. Make sure you have it all ready and organised. Your tasks for next lesson are as follows:

22. What threats did Henry VII face? It is clear that Henry faced threats from many people and for different reasons, we are now going to focus on two of those threats. Look back at your information about Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck. Listen to the following clip about Warbeck and read the information about Simnel and add any further information you might not have. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlqxhHhHrkY Complete the grid that you have been given (see the next slide) and look at the similarities and differences between the two pretenders.