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This chapter provides an overview of minerals, including their definition, identification methods, sources, and uses. Learn about the common rock-forming minerals, how minerals form through crystallization, and the different types of mineral deposits.

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  1. Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 What is a mineral? Lesson 2 How are minerals identified? Lesson 3Sources and Uses of Minerals Chapter Wrap-Up Mark Schneider/Getty Images Chapter Menu

  2. What are minerals and why are they useful? Chapter Introduction

  3. What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements. Chapter Introduction

  4. 1. A mineral is anything solid on Earth. 2. Some minerals form when water evaporates from Earth’s surface. 3. The best way to identify a mineral is by color. Do you agree or disagree? Chapter Introduction

  5. 4. Hardness, streak, and luster are among the properties used to identify minerals. 5. An ore is a concentration of minerals that contains only iron. 6. Gemstone and ore deposits are evenly distributed around the world. Do you agree or disagree? Chapter Introduction

  6. What is a mineral? • What is a mineral? • What are the common rock-forming minerals? • How do minerals form? Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

  7. What is a mineral? • mineral • silicate • crystallization • magma • lava Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

  8. What is a mineral? • A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms or ions. • There are approximately 4,000 minerals on Earth, but only about 30 are common. Lesson 1-1

  9. What is a mineral?(cont.) What is a mineral? Lesson 1-1

  10. What is a mineral?(cont.) • Of the 30 common minerals, ten are rock-forming minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and olivine. • These minerals occur naturally and are not made in a laboratory. Lesson 1-1

  11. What is a mineral?(cont.) • Minerals have a definite chemical composition. • Some minerals, such as silver and sulfur, are composed of just one element. These are known as native elements. • Other minerals are made up of a combination of several elements. Lesson 1-1

  12. What is a mineral?(cont.) • Minerals form predictable crystal patterns. • The internal arrangement of atoms or ions determines the shape of a crystal. Lesson 1-1

  13. What is a mineral?(cont.) A crystal is a solid with a repeating arrangement of atoms or ions in 3 directions. Lesson 1-1

  14. What is a mineral?(cont.) crystal Science Use a solid of a chemical substance with a regular, repeating arrangement of its atoms Common Use a clear, colorless glass of superior quality Lesson 1-1

  15. What is a mineral?(cont.) • Minerals are solids, meaning they exhibit an orderly internal arrangement of atoms or ions. • Minerals are inorganic, or not from biologic origins. • Despite being inorganic, some minerals can form as a result of organic processes. Lesson 1-1

  16. What is a mineral?(cont.) Identify the five main characteristics of a mineral. Lesson 1-1

  17. The Structure of Minerals • Minerals occur in many different shapes. • When a crystal forms under the right conditions and has time to grow, it will develop a characteristic crystal shape. • Most of the time, minerals grow in tiny clusters. Lesson 1-2

  18. The Structure of Minerals(cont.) • The common rock-forming minerals are composed of combinations of elements that are abundant in Earth’s crust. • Oxygen and silicon are the two most abundant elements in the crust. Lesson 1-2

  19. The Structure of Minerals(cont.) • The two main families of rock-forming minerals are the silicates and the nonsilicates. • A silicate is a member of the mineral group that has silicon and oxygen in its crystal structure. • Nonsilicate minerals do not contain silicon. Lesson 1-2

  20. The Structure of Minerals(cont.) What are the two main families of rock-forming minerals? Lesson 1-2

  21. How do minerals form? • All minerals form through crystallization. • The process of crystallization occurs when particles dissolved in a liquid or a melt solidify and form crystals. • The chemical and physical properties of minerals can help geologists infer the type of environment where these minerals formed. Lesson 1-3

  22. How do minerals form?(cont.) • Minerals can crystallize from either hot or cool solutions. • As water evaporates from a cool solution in a dry environment, solids crystallize out of the water and form minerals. • Sometimes minerals can crystallize from water in environments that aren’t dry. Lesson 1-3

  23. How do minerals form?(cont.) • Hot solutions are made when water flows through cracks in the crust into deep and hot environments. • Sometimes hot solutions carry large concentrations of dissolved solids that eventually become valuable mineral deposits. Lesson 1-3

  24. How do minerals form?(cont.) • Minerals can also form from magma. Magmais molten material stored beneath Earth’s surface. • When magma erupts on or near Earth’s surface, it is called lava or ash. lava from Latin lavare, means “to wash” Lesson 1-3

  25. How do minerals form?(cont.) • As lava or ash cools above ground or magma cools underground, atoms and ions arrange themselves and form mineral crystals. • Small crystals form as lava cools quickly on or near Earth’s surface and large crystals sometimes form as magma cools and crystallizes slowly below Earth’s surface. Lesson 1-3

  26. How do minerals form?(cont.) • Minerals that form deep within Earth’s crust and mantle are stable under high pressure and high temperature conditions. • Metamorphic activity can uplift minerals from great depths onto Earth’s surface. • Changes in pressure and temperature on Earth’s surface combined with agents of erosion can cause minerals to break down and eventually form new minerals. Lesson 1-3

  27. How do minerals form?(cont.) Identify the ways minerals can form. Lesson 1-3

  28. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline form. • Crystal shape reflects the internal arrangement of atoms or ions. • The most common rock-forming minerals are silicates. Lesson 1 - VS

  29. What type of chemical composition do minerals have? A. definite B. indefinite C. unstable D. stable Lesson 1 – LR1

  30. The common rock-forming minerals are composed of combinations of elements found in which part of the Earth? A. mantle B. core C. crust D. oceans Lesson 1 – LR2

  31. Which process occurs when particles dissolved in a liquid or gas solidify and form crystals? A. evaporation B. disintegration C. crystal growth D. crystallization Lesson 1 – LR3

  32. 1. A mineral is anything solid on Earth. 2. Some minerals form when water evaporates from Earth’s surface. Do you agree or disagree? Lesson 1 - Now

  33. How are minerals identified? • Why is it necessary to use more than one property for mineral identification? • What properties can you use to identify minerals? Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

  34. How are minerals identified? • mineralogist • luster • streak • hardness • cleavage • fracture • density Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

  35. Physical Properties • Mineralogists are scientists who study the distribution of minerals, mineral properties, and their uses. • Scientists use the physical and chemical properties of minerals to learn a mineral’s identity and classify unknown minerals. Lesson 2-1

  36. Physical Properties(cont.) • Color alone cannot be used for mineral identification because many different minerals can be the same color. • Variations in color reflect the presence of different types of chemical impurities, such as iron, chromium, or manganese. Lesson 2-1

  37. Physical Properties(cont.) Why can’t the mineral quartz be classified based on color alone? Lesson 2-1

  38. Physical Properties(cont.) • The way a mineral reflects or absorbs light at its surface is called luster. • Minerals that are also metals, such as copper, silver, and gold, reflect light and produce the shiniest luster, called metallic luster. DEA/A.RIZZI/Getty Images Lesson 2-1

  39. Physical Properties(cont.) • Luster is directly related to the chemical composition of minerals. • Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form. • Streak is only useful for identifying minerals that are softer than porcelain. • Nonmetallic minerals generally produce a white streak. Lesson 2-1

  40. Physical Properties(cont.) • Many metallic minerals produce characteristic streak colors. • Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. • Friedrich Mohs developed the Mohs’ hardness scale to compare the hardness of different minerals, with scale ranging from 1 to 10. Lesson 2-1

  41. Lesson 2-1

  42. Physical Properties(cont.) • Sometimes the way a mineral breaks provides clues to its identity. • The arrangement of atoms or ions and the strengths of their chemical bonds determine how a mineral breaks. • Minerals break where bonds between atoms or ions are weak. Lesson 2-1

  43. Physical Properties(cont.) • If a mineral breaks with smooth, flat surfaces, it has cleavage. • If a mineral breaks and forms uneven surfaces, it has fracture. cleavage from Old English cleofan, means “to split, separate” Lesson 2-1

  44. Physical Properties(cont.) • The density of a mineral is also helpful in identifying it. The density of an object is equal to its mass divided by its volume. • Some minerals have special properties, such as texture, odor, fluorescence, magnetism, or the way they react when they come in contact with hydrochloric acid. Lesson 2-1

  45. Physical Properties(cont.) Identify all the properties used to classify an unknown mineral. Lesson 2-1

  46. Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form. • Minerals vary in hardness. Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. • Minerals with special properties such as fluorescence can be easier to identify. DEA/A.RIZZI/Getty Images Lesson 2 - VS

  47. Which term refers to the color of a mineral in powdered form? A. cleavage B. streak C. fracture D. density Lesson 2 – LR1

  48. Friedrich Mohs developed a scale to compare which attribute of different minerals? A. cleavage B. density C. luster D. hardness Lesson 2 – LR2

  49. Which of these is equal to an object’s mass divided by its volume? A. weight B. density C. hardness D. size Lesson 2 – LR3

  50. Do you agree or disagree? 3. The best way to identify a mineral is by color. 4. Hardness, streak, and luster are among the properties used to identify minerals. Lesson 2 - Now

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