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ENERGY CONCENTRATES

ENERGY CONCENTRATES. pp. 212-220. Classes of Energy Concentrates. Grains Fats and oils Byproducts of sugar or baking industries. Energy Concentrates General properties. A high quality protein will have ____?____. a high digestibility. a high concentration of amino acids.

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ENERGY CONCENTRATES

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  1. ENERGY CONCENTRATES pp. 212-220

  2. Classes of Energy Concentrates • Grains • Fats and oils • Byproducts of sugar or baking industries

  3. Energy ConcentratesGeneral properties

  4. A high quality protein will have ____?____ • a high digestibility. • a high concentration of amino acids. • a high concentration of essential amino acids. • each of the essential amino acids present in concentrations that are proportional to the animal’s requirements. • all of the above • none of the above

  5. Which of the following are amino acids essential in the diet of a pig?

  6. Which of the following are amino acids essential in the diet of a 1000 lb beef steer?

  7. Energy ConcentratesGeneral properties

  8. GrainsStructure • Bran • Fiber (Hemicellulose) • Endosperm • Starch • 98% of starch in kernel • Gluten • 75% of protein in kernel • Germ • Oil • 81% of oil in kernel • Protein • 23% of protein in kernel

  9. Starch in Grains • Major component of grains • 70 to 75% of grain DM • Removed by grain processing • Classes of starch • Amylose • Chains of glucose bound by alpha-1,4 linkages • Normally approximately 30% of starch • Amylopectin • Chains of glucose bound by alpha-1,4 linkages w/ alpha-1-6 branch points • More rapidly digested than amylose • Normally approximately 70% of starch

  10. Factors affecting starch digestion in grains • Bran and endosperm protein matrix around starch • Digestibility may be increased by cracking or grinding • Starch structure • Starch chains are arranged in concentric circles as granules • Enzymes hydrolyze one layer at a time. • Limits rate of digestion • Heat treatments (steam flaking, popping etc.) destroy granular structure producing straight chains • Process is called gelatinization • Increases starch digestion

  11. Oils in Grains • Approximately 3 to 4% of grain DM • Concentrated in grain processing by-products like distillers grains • Under current processing methods • Triglycerides primarily containing unsaturated fatty acids.

  12. Proteins in Grains • 8 to 15% of grain DM • Concentrated in grain processing byproducts • Quality • Deficient • Lysine • Tryptophan • Excess • Leucine • Ruminal degradability • Approximately 50 (Corn) - 75% (Small grains) • Low ruminal degradability is valuable in light weight calves and high producing dairy cows

  13. Properties of Individual Grains • Corn • 56 lb/bu • High energy (88% TDN, DM basis) • Improved 5 to 10% by processing • Low fiber (NDF, 10% of DM; highly digestible) • Low protein (8-10% of DM) • Low lysine and tryptophan • High leucine • Low Ca (0.03%) • Moderate P (0.30%) • Approximately 50% of P is bound to phytate • Unavailable to nonruminants • Available to ruminants • High in beta-carotene • High in thiamin • High in niacin, but it’s unavailable to nonruminants • Low in other B vitamins

  14. Use of corn grain in livestock diets • Swine and poultry • Only limited by the needs for supplemental nutrients and cost • Supplemental nutrients needed: Amino acids, available P, Ca, salt, trace minerals, fat soluble vitamins, B vitamins • Ruminants and horses • Limited by fiber requirements, supplemental nutrients, and cost • Fiber requirement primarily met by forage • Can be met for finishing cattle by whole corn grain or ground ear corn • Other supplemental nutrients needed: Crude protein, P, Ca, salt, trace minerals, fat soluble vitamins

  15. Variations in corn composition • Genetic variants • High lysine • Opaque-2 • Slightly higher in protein • High in lysine and tryptophan • Reduces amount of protein needed in nonruminant diets • Must test for lysine • Limitations • Lower yields • Soft kernels • Subject to ear rot • Waxy corn • 100% amylopectin • Improve starch digestion • Variable improvements in animal performance

  16. High amylose corn • >50% amylose • Primarily used for wet milling of corn producing high fructose corn syrup. • Lower yield than normal varieties • High oil corn • 7 to 8% oil • Improved feed efficiency and rate of gain in livestock diets • Primarily used for corn oil production • Considerations with genetically modified corn • Must prevent cross pollination • Lower yields of high lysine and high amylose corn • Must test for characteristic to properly use in diets

  17. Other variations • High moisture corn • 24-35% moisture • Ensiled in anerobic storage • Preserved by lactic acid produced during fermentation • Requires anerobic storage • Advantages • Improves starch digestion • Improves feed efficiency in cattle by 8 to 10% • Allows for early harvest • Doesn’t require drying • Limitation • Must be marketed through livestock

  18. Ground ear corn • Also called corn and cob meal • Contains 20% cob • 70 lb/bu • 84% TDN, DM basis • 7 to 8 % CP • 28% NDF • Uses • Not used for swine or poultry • May be used for ruminants or horses • If used, reduce the amount of forage in diet

  19. Harmful constituents incorn grain • Aflatoxin • Carcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus molds on corn • Particularly a problem in drought-stricken corn produced in hot (>85oF), humid conditions • Control • Rapid dryiing to < 15% moisture • Use limits

  20. Sorghum (Milo) • Drought resistant • Energy value • Swine and poultry • 95 to 98% the value of corn • Ruminants • 85 to 90% the value of corn • Requires processing • 8 to 12% Crude protein • Most limiting amino acid: Lysine • Low Ca • Moderate P • 50% of P bound to phytate • Uses in diets • Can replace all corn in nonruminant and ruminant diets if processed

  21. Oats • 32 lb/bu • Very palatable • 65 to 75% TDN (DM basis) • 32% NDF (DM basis) • Hulls are poorly digested (32% TDN) • Groats (Dehulled oats have energy value = corn) • 12% Crude protein (DM basis); limiting AA, lysine • 0.09% Ca (DM basis) • 0.38% P (DM basis), 50% phytate bound • Uses of oat grain in rations • Poultry, growing/finishing swine (< 60 lb) lactating sows, or finishing beef cattle rations • Can replace < 20% of the corn • Growing/finishing pigs (> 100 lb) • Can replace 40% of corn • Lactating dairy cows, growing calves (Creep feed), or gestating sows • Can replace 50% of corn • Horses • Can replace 100% of corn

  22. Barley • Energy • Ruminants • 83% TDN (90% value of corn) • Swine • 80% value of corn • 19% NDF (DM basis), poorly digested • 12% CP (DM basis); limiting amino acid, lysine • Uses in rations • Should be rolled and not finely ground • Finishing cattle, growing/finishing pigs, or gestating sows • Can replace 100% of the grain • Care needed to prevent bloat in feedlot cattle • Lactating sows • Can replace 85% of the grain • Dairy cows • Can replace 50% of the grain • Growing pigs (<60 lb) • Can replace 25% of the grain

  23. Wheat • Energy • 90% TDN (DM basis) • Starch properties • Very rapidly digested • May cause lactic acidosis and bloat in cattle • Floury powder • Becomes doughy in mouth if finely ground • Reduces palatability • Should be coarsely ground • Low fiber, but contains xylans • Must be supplemented with xylanase if fed to poultry • 12-14% CP (DM basis) • Limiting amino acid; lysine • Biotin present, but in bound form

  24. Uses of wheat in livestock diets • Gestating, lactating, and growing/finishing pigs • < 95% of the grain • Broiler and layers • < 85% of diet • Requires a pigmenting agent and xylanase • Fat in wheat-fed broilers is firmer than in corn-fed broilers • Finishing beef cattle; dairy cattle; and growing pigs (< 60 lb) • < 50 % of the grain

  25. Rye • 83% TDN (DM basis) • Starch properties resemble wheat • 12% CP (DM basis) • Very unpalatable • May contain ergot • A fungus producing toxic alkaloids • Lysergic acid • 6,8 dimethylergoline • These alkaloids cause vasoconstriction • Abortions • Gangrene resulting in loss of hooves, tails, and ears • Uses in rations • Weanling pigs, young cattle. or dairy cattle • Do not use as grain • Growing/finishing swine or cattle • < 33% of diet • Lactating sows • < 40% of diet • Gestating sows • No limit

  26. Triticale • A hybrid of wheat and rye • 78% TDN (DM basis) • Starch properties similar to wheat • 15% CP; limiting amino acid, lysine • Unpalatable • Susceptible to ergot • Use in rations • Growing/finishing swine and beef cattle • < 50% of the diet • Gestating sows • < 25% of the diet • Young pigs and cattle, or dairy cattle • Do not feed triticale grain

  27. Additional considerations regarding grains • Drought-stressed grains • Results in low test weight grains • Less starch, more fiber • A problem for nonruminants with high energy requirements and low feed intake (Nursery pigs or lactating sows) • Silages • Often the most effective use of cereal grains for ruminants

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