1. COP Issues Working Group 3 Working Group 3 COP Analysis

2. Recommendations • Go for 110% solution • Scientists know best • User fewer sensors, less confusion that way • Use automated reasoning, turn commander into supervisor • Make the politicians more active players • Use virtual reality • Use small screens, focus on small picture Working Group 3 COP Analysis

3. Just Kidding! • Now that we’ve got your attention, here is the real report… Working Group 3 COP Analysis

4. Generating enhanced reality displays from sensor nets • Denis Gouin • Col. (Ret'd) Tom Johansen • Greg Trafton • Mark Chignell • Morten Grandt • Vincent Tao • Bill Wright • Olivier Peufeilhoux • (Order randomly generated) Working Group 3 COP Analysis

5. Sensor Issues • Making sure that the sensor data is fused in an intelligent and integrated way; • Verifying that these sensors are managed intelligently; • Grouping related sensor elements into coherent wholes (stories); and • Making sure that the sensors are inter-operable. Working Group 3 COP Analysis

6. User-Centric Issues • Supporting decision making under stress; • Displaying information in a user-centric manner; and • Using basic Human-Evaluation Usability cycles (iterative designing using repeated cycles of prototyping and user testing). Working Group 3 COP Analysis

7. Basic Framework • COP task (e.g. targeting, OOTW) involves three main players • Sensors • decision makers • executers. • Create a system that is • as simple as possible • takes in a variety of sensor data • display sensor data intelligently • supports quality decision making. • Provide the commander with an excellent mental picture of what is going on. Working Group 3 COP Analysis

8. Perceptual Cycle Working Group 3 COP Analysis

9. COP Task Cycle Working Group 3 COP Analysis

10. Sensor Management • Ability to manipulate the sensors (e.g., where the location should be in the future) is critical. • Sensor management requires a relatively tight coupling between visualizations of data and of corresponding sensor location. • System should • help the human operator plan the location and movement of sensors • facilitate making the “mental picture” better than reality, but not virtual reality – it should not be a “cartoon view” of the world. Working Group 3 COP Analysis

11. Improve Decision-Making Under Stress • Provide decision-makers with more (relevant) information so they can be better prepared for various contingencies. • Offload decision-making from a reactive mode on-the-fly to a proactive planning mode • stress is reduced • more time becomes available for dealing with situations and opportunities that could not have been predicted or planned for. • Present predictive information (e.g., possible future simulations, early reasoning support systems, etc.) Working Group 3 COP Analysis

12. 2D vs. 3D? • Provide decision-makers with a range of displays (2D and 3D) and interaction tools so that they can choose what presentations to use in solving the problems they have. Working Group 3 COP Analysis

13. Iterative Prototyping and Usability Evaluation Working Group 3 COP Analysis

14. Conclusions • Satisficing is a better goal than optimizing • because requirements are not fully understood. • Get it out there and see what works. • Visualizations should be flexible, especially for different tasks and different jobs. • Different visualizations may be needed for tactical, operational, and strategic levels. • Smooth transitions between these levels are extremely important, since in many situations the differences between these three levels of operation may be blurred. Working Group 3 COP Analysis

15. Questions? Working Group 3 COP Analysis