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Essential Biochemical Compounds in Life Processes

Explore the fundamental compounds crucial to life processes including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Discover how these molecules function and interact to sustain living organisms.

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Essential Biochemical Compounds in Life Processes

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  1. Chapter 3 Biochemistry

  2. Compounds Important to Life Inorganic • lack carbon • Come from non-living things Organic • contain carbon • form living things Protein Lipids CaPO4 NaCl CO2 Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids H2O

  3. Water

  4. Polar Molecule = uneven charge Water Good Solvent = dissolves polar molecules Adhesion = attraction between different substances Cohesion = attraction between same substances Capillarity= Spreads/moves upwards

  5. Carbohydrates

  6. Cont…Carbohydrates Carbon Variety of organic compounds 6P Four electrons (e-) in the outer shell Forms strong covalent bonds -C-C-C-C-C-C-C- Other Compounds Polymer = repeating linked units Itself

  7. Subunits are monosaccharides Major Energy Source Monosaccharide Carbohydrates Disaccharide C,H,O Polysaccharide Always (1:2:1) Form covalent bonds

  8. Made during Photosynthesis Glucose Broken Down During Cell Respiration 1 Monosaccharide Fructose Sweetest Sugar Simple Sugar Galactose Milk

  9. Sugar cane Beets Sucrose = Fructose + Glucose 2 Di saccharide Mono + Mono Lactose Galactose + Glucose = Double Sugars Milk, Milk Products

  10. Many Poly saccharide 3 or more Mono + Mono + Mono Glycogen “Animal Starch” = Glucose Storage molecule for plants Starch Cellulose glu glu glu

  11. Proteins

  12. Function Complex polymers made of elements C, H, O, N • Transport oxygen • Provide immunity • Form muscle, skin, hair, and nails • Many chemicals needed for life

  13. Amino Acids • Building blocks of proteins • 20 Amino Acids; vary in shape and size • Linked by dehydration synthesis reaction (rxn) • Form special covalent bond between amino acid • Peptide bond O=C-----N-H

  14. Structure NH2 Amine group H-C----R Varies for each a.a. HO – C = O Carboxyl group (-COOH) Each amino acid is a monomer, linked together to form polymer

  15. 1. Special proteins that speed up chemical rxns • 2. Involved in all life processes; digestion, energy storage and release, making molecules

  16. Enzymes • Special proteins that speed up chemical rxns • Involved in all life processes; digestion, energy storage and release, making molecules Substrate Reactant Product Enzyme – Substrate Complex Enzyme Enzyme

  17. Enzymes • Enzyme binds to substrate and weakens bonds; product released; enzyme not altered • Substrate = substance enzyme acts on • Active site = region where enzyme binds • “Lock and Key” Model = one specific enzyme for one rxn

  18. Lipids Fats, Waxes, & Oils ↑ C, ↑ H, ↓ O

  19. Functions • Store E • Conserve Heat • Protect Vital Organs • Chemical Messengers • Cell Membranes

  20. Fatty Acids – Building blocks of lipids • Long Chains of C and H (4-24) • One end contains Carboxyl Group (-COOH) • Other end • Hydrophilic = “water- loving” Hydrophobic= “water-fearing” H O = H – C – C – C –C – C – C – C – C – C –C OH H

  21. Fatty Acids cont. (Building Blocks) • Saturated = single bonds; solid RT*; meat, dairy • Cholesterol; clog arteries heart attack • -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C- • (SSSS)

  22. Building Blocks (cont.) • Unsaturated = double bonds; liquid RT*; vegetable oils • Cholesterol • -C-C=C-C-C=C-C-C

  23. Glycerol = Other Building Block • Organic alcohol; 3C and 3 OH • 2 or 3 Fatty Acids attached

  24. Four Types • Triglycerides 3 fatty acids + glycerol; (plant oil + animal fat) • Phospholipids 2 fatty acids + polar and nonpolar ends (cell membranes)

  25. Four Types • Waxes long chain fatty acid + glycerol; hydrophobic; protective barrier for plants and animals • Steroids 4 Carbon rings; no fatty acids; hormones, (nerve tissue, toad venom, plant poison;(cholesterol)

  26. Nucleic Acids = organic compounds that contain C, H, O, N, Phosphorous = covalently linked nucleotides

  27. Nucleotide – 3 Parts(Sugar, Phosphate Group, Nitrogen Base)

  28. Nucleotide:3 parts Monomer Monomer Monomer Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Monomer + Monomer + Monomer 5 Carbon Sugar = Polymer

  29. Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids RNA = ribonucleic acid Stores info to make proteins DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid Controls heredity Stores info for cell activities

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