Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY

1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Unit 8A Motivation In this unit: Theories of Motivation Hunger and Motivation Sexual Motivation Workplace Motivation

2. Motivation

3. Happy Friday! Yay • It’s Friday- what’s your weekend motivation? • Hand in Inside out questions today or tonight on blog • NO FRQ this weekend…you can thank me later • BUT…you should study for your Quest next Thursday on Memory/Emotion/Motivation and Stress…don’t stress it • Take this weekend to complete crossword puzzles and MC practice • Watch Crashcourse on Motivation and Stress!

4. Food for Thought • Why do people go to post secondary? What motivates you…get that 5! • What types of behavior are “inherited, preprogrammed, complex behaviors that occur throughout” the human and animal species? • Where can we draw the line between individual behavior and instinctive behavior? • Does drive reduction theory help differentiate between what is considered an instinct and what is an individual behavior? Why or why not?

5. Motivation • Motivation • a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. (May or may not stem from a physiological need) • Instinct • complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

6. Arousal and Stimulation in Motivation • Yerkes Dobson Curve. An inverted u-shaped graph that shows the relationship between performance and stress. • As stress increases from minimal, performance increases. • Once stress reaches a moderately high level, performance peaks. • An increased in stress beyond this threshold will result in decreased performance. • = an optimum level of performance when stress is moderate. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XkMth4paNko Workplace Video Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmWD2HdoZ7k

7. Myron Zuckerman’s Theory • Argues that people differ in the amount of stimulation they need or want (to become motivated to act). • 4 Forms of Sensation Seeking: • Thrill and Adventure Seeking - (seek excitement through risky yet socially acceptable activities (sky diving, bungee jumping) • Experience Seeking – seek sensation through mind, the senses and a non conforming lifestyle (trying unusual foods, such as insects or dog) • Disinhibition – chosen the middle class lifestyle but have chosen to escape its boredom through drinking, partying or shoplifting. • Boredom Susceptibility thrill seekers do their best to avoid falling into routines • 2 types…Low and High Sensation Seekers

8. 4 Theories of Motivation • 1.) Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. • But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

9. 2.) Drive-Reduction Theory • Our behavior is motivated by physiological needs. • Wants to maintain homeostasis. • When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive. • Primary versus Secondary drives.

10. Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Motivation • Drive-Reduction Theory • the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need • The physiological aim of the DR Theory is homeostasis…maintaining a steady internal state.

11. Motivation • Homeostasis • tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state • regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level • Including factors such as temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, lung capacity/breathing etc. • Incentive(s) • a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior • Skinner (Operant Learning) and the conception of reinforcements. Reinforcement is designed to encourage (lure) a behavior or it is designed to discourage (or repel) a behavior. • External vs Internal Motivation

12. 3.) Arousal Theory • We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. * Yerkes-Dodson Law. * Curiosity motive gives support to the arousal theory.

13. 4.) Maslow’s Hierarchy (Theory) of Needs • Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. • We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

14. Cognitive Dissonance • Cognitive dissonance is the mental equivalent to homeostasis. The cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. (For example, when are thoughts and actions don’t align) • When people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition).

15. How do cognitive dissonance and homeostasis relate to each other? • Biological homeostasis focuses on physical conditions/needs like hunger, thirst and temperature, • Cognitive homeostasis involves mental conditions, such as consistency, balance and harmony in one’s thinking – that is seeking equity in the surrounding community, prioritizing one’s life, and promoting peace with the self and others.

16. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Humanistic perspective focuses on “self”) Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential • begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied • then higher-level safety needs become active • then psychological needs become active Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

17. Was Maslow theory (hierarchy) valid? • What do the critics say? • Oversimplifies the relationship between motives and behavior • There are exceptions ie. Those who sacrifice needs for ideals like martyrs, suicide bombers etc. • Too rigid , stages…can one skip a need and “progress” to the level? • Needs vary cross culturally. • Are behaviors motivated by a single need or by complex “interconnected” needs? • Too simplistic…what about cognitive needs – the need to know and understand (curiousity?) or the need to experiment? • Underestimated the percentage of people who become self actualized…(1%)

18. Biological Basis of Hunger • Washburn showed that stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger, but… hunger does NOT come from our stomach. It comes from our… • Brain What part of the brain?

19. Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again. • When stimulated it makes you hungry. • When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.

20. Set Point Theory • The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. • Wants to maintain a stable weight. • Leptin theory: • Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity or metabolism.

21. Motivation-Hunger • Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

22. Motivation-Hunger • Glucose • the form of sugar that circulates in the blood • provides the major source of energy for body tissues • when its level is low, we feel hunger

23. Motivation-Hunger • Set Point • the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set • when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight • Basal Metabolic Rate • body’s base rate of energy expenditure

24. Motivation-Hunger • The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

25. Motivation-Hunger

26. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa • when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve • usually an adolescent female • Bulimia Nervosa • disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

27. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa • Characterized bybinging (eating large amounts of food) andpurging (getting rid of the food).

28. Anorexia Nervosa • Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. • See themselves as fat. • Vast majority are woman.

29. Women’s Body Images

30. Sexual Motivation • Sex is natural. • Without sex, none of us would be here. • How do scientists (or you) find out about sex? YOU ASK!!!!!!

31. Sex and Motivation • Sex is not a need but rather a desire, unlike hunger. • The sex drive can be suppressed until the urge subsides, which would be unwise to do in the case of hunger.

32. Sexual Motivation • Sex • a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values • Sexual Response Cycle • the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson • excitement • plateau • orgasm • resolution

33. Sexual Motivation • Refractory Period • resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm • Estrogen • a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

34. Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation

35. Sexual Motivation • Same drives, different attitudes

36. Sexual Motivation • Births to unwed parents

37. Sexual Motivation • Sexual Orientation • an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation) • Lesbian – homosexual woman • Gay – homosexual man • Bisexual – men and women who prefer sex with both men and women.

38. Sexual Motivation • Sexual Orientation • an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation) • Lesbian – homosexual woman • Gay – homosexual man • Bisexual – men and women who prefer sex with both men and women.

39. Sexual Motivation • Sexual Orientation • an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

40. Sexual Motivation

41. Sexual Motivation

42. Sexual Motivation & Dysfunctions • Sexual dysfunction - Some individuals experience difficulties in one or more of the sexual response phases. • Problems can include, premature ejaculation(too early) andimpotence (inability to be physically aroused) in males and inability to experience orgasms (organismic dysfunction) and low sexual desire in females.

43. Causes of Sexual Dysfunction Physical Causes • Includes both organic factors and drugs. • There is a relationship between diabetes and erectile dysfunction. • Diseases of the heart and circulatory system are particularly likely to cause erectile difficulties. • Anxiety • Alcoholics experience erectile disorder, orgasmic disorder and the loss of desire. • Morphine and heroine also supress sexual desire. • Prescription drugs – effect men and women.

44. Causes of Sexual Dysfunctions Interpersonal Causes • Disturbances in a couple’s relationship can produce disorder. • Anger, resentment, and/or conflict. • Fear of intimacy.

45. Treatments for Sexual Dysfunctions • Psychotherapy to treat anxiety in males. • Marriage counseling to treat guilt, resentment etc • Systemic desensitization. • Lifestyle changes – quit smoking, drinking etc. • Medications – Viagra, Cialis • Psychosexual therapy for women. • Pain killers, lubricants etc.

46. Only about 1/3 of sexually active male teenagers use condoms. WHY? • Ignorance. • Guilt around sex. • No communication. • Alcohol use. • Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity.

47. Motivation at Work • Flow • a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills • Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology • the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

48. Motivation at Work • Personnel Psychology • sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development • Organizational Psychology • Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

49. Motivation at Work

50. Motivation at Work • Structured Interview • process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants • rated on established scales • Achievement Motivation • a desire for significant accomplishment • for mastery of things, people, or ideas • for attaining a high standard