Do you remember what cell theory states?

1. Do you remember what cell theory states?

2. The Cell Theory • All organisms are made of cells • Can be: • UNICELLULAR • One Cell • MULTICELLULAR • Many Cells 1

3. The Cell Theory • The cell carried out the basic functions of life! Immunity! 2 Circulation! Digestion! Reproduction! Movement!

4. The Cell Theory • All new cells arise from preexisting cells 3

5. Even with the wide variety of cellular size, shape and function, the structure of all cells is remarkably similar. Despite their differences, all cells, at some point, contain _______ the molecule that carries biological information. In addition all cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier called a *_________ __________.

6. PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS Cells fall into two broad categories depending on whether they contain a _________. The nucleus (plural-nuclei)can be described as: a large membrane enclosed structure that contains genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cell’s activities. Eukaryotes are cells that * enclose their DNA in nuclei Prokaryotes are cells that * do not enclose their DNA in nuclei

8. Cells fall into 2 major categories depending on the complexity of their internal structures. Example: Bacteria! Eubacteria/ Archaeabacteria Example: Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals

9. *Differences and Similarities Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Types • *to fill this table in, see pages 206-207.(+ present, -- absent)

10. Smaller Larger Bacteria Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals

11. CELL ORGANIZATION: It’s easy to divide the Eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the *_______ and the *________. The *________ is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. __________cells have cytoplasm, too, even though they do not have a nucleus. The cytoplasm contains an aqueous (water-based) solution (also called the Cytosol). The Cytoplasm looks just like “empty space” in diagrams, but it’s not! The cytoplasm is a dynamic and active part of the cell. The cell’s metabolism (the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell), transport of materials throughout the cell and the activities associated with each organelle all occur in the cytoplasm. We will consider each major structures of eukaryotic plant and animal cells (some of which are found in prokaryotic cells) one by one. Because these structures act like specialized organs, they are called *_____________ ,literally “little organs”.

12. ANALOGY: In some respects the living cell can be compared to a modern factory. Organelles of the cell can be compared to the specialized machines and assembly lines of the factory. Cells, like factories follow instructions and produce products. This analogy works so well, we can use it to help us understand how cells work.As you learn about the cell, think about the comparisons.

13. A.NUCLEUS Like the main office in a factory, the nucleus is the control center of the cell.

14. Structure of the Nucleus: • The nucleus contains: *nearly all the cell’s DNA and, with it , the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. • Note: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, but they do have _____that contains the same kinds of instructions. • The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane that is also called the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is semi permeable: • Covered with small nuclear pores (openings). • b) the nuclear pores keep DNA within the nucleus but allow smaller moleculeslike RNA and proteins out.

15. 3. *________, which carry the cell’s genetic information, are also found in the nucleus. • Most of the time, it is spread throughout the nucleus in the form of *_____ (a complex of DNA bound to proteins), but when a cell divides this condenses into *_____ which can be seen under a microscope. • 4. The nucleus usually contains one or more nucleoli (nucleolus is singular) which are areas composed of sections of condensed DNA and proteins (they look dark when viewed through the microscope). The nucleolus is where *______________________________________ Chromosomes; chromatin; chromosomes; assembly of ribosomes begins

16. B.VACUOLES, VESICLES, LYSOSOMES, AND THE CYTOSKELETON These organelles represent the cellular factory’s :. storage space, cleanup crew , and support structures VACUOLES and VESICLES Vacuoles and vesicles are places for the cell to store things! Vacuoles and vesicles are both found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They are sac-like membrane-enclosed structures (compartments). The function of vacuoles is to: *store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

17. Plant cells typically have one large central vacuole filled with *______. The pressure of the central vacuole in these cells increases their *______, making it possible for plants to support heavy structures, such as *________ and flowers. Liquid, rigidity, leaves Vacuoles are also found in some unicellular organisms and some animals. For example, paramecium (a freshwater protist) contains a specialized vacuole called a *___________________ that contracts rhythmically to pumps excess water out of the cell. Some organisms form “food vacuoles” through endocytosis or release waste particles by exocytosis contractile vacuole http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4aZE5FQ284 Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain smaller membrane-enclosed structures called *___________ which store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface. vesicles

18. D.ORGANELLES THAT CAPTURE AND RELEASE ENERGY CHLOROPLAST Chloroplasts are the biological equivalent of solar power plants; site of Photosynthesis! Chloroplasts are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic autotrophs such as plants and some other organisms. ***Each chloroplast contains its own unique DNA, proteins and ribosomes; can self-replicate.*** Function: Chloroplasts capture*energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

19. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called *_________. Plants’ principal pigment is *_________ which appears green to our eyes because it does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum. The chloroplast contains saclike photosynthetic membranes called *__________ which are interconnected and arranged in stacks known as *_______(singular: granum). Pigments such as chlorophyll are located in the thylakoid membranes. The fluid portion of the chloroplast, outside of the thylakoids, is known as the *______.

20. Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to:* __________________________________________________ • Plants then use the sugars to produce complex carbohydrates such as *__________, and to provide energy for the synthesis of other compounds, including *_____ and *___l_____. • Write the overall equation for photosynthesis : • In symbols:* • In words:*

21. Although the equation for photosynthesis looks simple, there are many steps to get from the reactants to the final products. In fact, photosynthesis actually involves two sets of reactions which work together to capture the energy of sunlight and transform it into energy-rich compounds such as carbohydrates.: • *____________ reactions (Calvin cycle) require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments. These reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes. Uses water and produces oxygen. • *____________ reactions use carbon dioxide but do not need light and complete the process of photosynthesis by producing carbon-containing sugars and other carbohydrates. These reactions take place outside the thylakoids in the stroma.

22. If the pigment chlorophyll causes the green color in plants, DO ALL PLANTS HAVE, CHLOROPHYLL??? NO!!! Onions, Carrots, Potatoes, Tree Trunks! NONE ARE GREEN!

23. Some prokaryotic bacteria are photosynthetic… Do they contain chloroplasts? NO!! But, they contain simple membranes which act as the site for photosynthesis.

24. MITOCHONDRIAMitochondria are like the power plants of the cell!Mitochondria are located In the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (In humans, nearly all of our mitochondria come from the cytoplasm of the egg cell (mother)).Function: Mitochondria convert * _________ the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

25. Structure: Each mitochondrion contains its own unique DNA, proteins and ribosomes; can self-replicate. Has an outer membrane which encloses a fluid (“matrix”) and a highly folded inner membrane (“cristae”). **Mitochondria convert chemical energy stored in food into a form that can be used easily by the cell. This form is called ATP.**

26. Cellular Respiration formula • Which do you think would contain MORE mitochondria A heart muscle or a skin cell?? WHY? Mitochondrion - Function 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP The heart needs a lot of energy to contract & push the blood to all the parts of the body!!

27. adenosine triphosphate ATP is a nucleotide which contains the following three parts: * • What does ATP stand for?* adenine, ribose (5-carbon sugar), and three phosphate groups_ ATP can easily release and store energy by *__________ and *__________ the bonds between its phosphate groups, making it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells Breaking; reforming Since cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose, cells usually only store a *_______ amount of ATP. small

28. Food provides living things with the chemical building blocks they need to grow and reproduce. Food molecules contain chemical energy that is released when their chemical bonds are *______. Rather than burning food and releasing all of its energy as *____, cells instead break down food molecules gradually, capturing a little bit of chemical energy at key steps. This enables cells to use the energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods like glucose to produce compounds such as *___________ that directly power the activities of the cell. • If cellular respiration took place in just one step, all of the energy from glucose would be released at once, and most of it would be lost in the form of *_______ and *________. Broken, heat, ATP, light, heat

29. If oxygen is available, organisms can obtain energy from food by a process called aerobic cellular respiration which involves the mitochondria. [If oxygen is not available, cells must undergo a less efficient anaerobic process called fermentation (occurs in the cytoplasm).] • Write the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration : • In symbols:* • In words:*

30. There are three main stages of cellular respiration: • 1. Glycolysis – occurs in the *_____cytoplasm______ of the cell. Produces a small amount of ATP. • 2. Krebs cycle – takes place inside the *___mitochondrian____ (in the matrix). Produces a small amount of ATP. • 3. Electron transport Chain – takes place inside the *__ mitochondrian ________ (on the cristae membranes). Produces a large amount of ATP.

31. E.CELLULAR BOUNDARIES • The cell, like a factory needs _________ and _________to protect it from the environment outside, and also to serve as a barrier that keeps its products safe and secure until they are ready to be shipped.

32. CELL WALL • Don’t confuse a cell wall with the cell membrane. • The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and is only present in certain organisms: • Main functions:* support, shape, and protect the cell • Found in some organisms: *most prokaryotes and many eukaryotes • Not found in other organisms: * not found in animal cells • Location in the cell:* outside the cell membrane

33. Structure: • Is inflexible without breaking. Not found in animals because we need to be more flexible for movement. • Is composed of multiple layers of carbohydrates (cellulose) and other molecules. • Most are porous with openings that allow substances like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide to pass through. • Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants – each group has a slightly different makeup o

34. CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) • Let’s review… • Fluid Mosaic Model-The cell membrane is made of 2 layers. The membrane is actually more like a fluid than a solid. Proteins “bob” like floats within the phospholipid bilayer. • The cell membrane is made of three different macromolecules: * __________,________, and __________. • Some of the proteins form* _________ • and* ________ that help move material across the cell membrane. Other proteins attach directly to the *__cytoskeleton____, enabling cells to respond to their environment by using their membranes to help *________move____ and *_____change shape_____. Many of the carbohydrate molecules act like *chemical identification cards, allowing individual cells to recognize one another

35. Functions of the plasma membrane: • Boundary between the cell and the ________________. • Selectively permeable:____________________________________ • 3. Helps cell to maintain ___________ so the correct amounts of solutes and solvents are available within the cell. For a review of all the structures of cells, explore: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/