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Gentianaceae

Explore the diverse world of Gentianaceae, a family of plants that includes over 1500 species found worldwide. Discover their wide range of colors, floral patterns, and medicinal properties. Learn about their origins, classification, and the fascinating phenomenon of myco-heterotrophy.

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Gentianaceae

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  1. Gentianaceae Swertia bimaculata

  2. The Family • 87 genera • Over 1500 species • Found worldwide • There are trees and shrubs, but mostly herbs • Cultivated as ornamentals • Some species used for medicinal purposes • Species exhibit a wide range of colors and floral patterns Gentiana septemfida

  3. Origination • King Gentius of Illyria • Botanical authority: August Grisebach (1836) • Estimated to be approximately 50 million years old

  4. Specs • Actinomorphic • Bi-sexual • Tepals • Parietal placentation • Cymose inflorescence • Capsule fruit (sometimes berry) • Plants typically rhizomatous • Bird and insect pollinated, some species also bat pollinated

  5. Specs (cont.) • Habit ranges from ascending, to erect or twining stems • Leaves are usually alternate, can be opposite or whorled. • Simple • Entire • Bases connected to stem (connate) • Stipules absent Centaurium erythaea

  6. Myco-heterotrophy • Plant parasitizes fungi • Orchids exhibit myco-heterotrophy • Partial myco-heterotroph, can photosynthesize if necessary • Sometimes referred to as ‘mychorrhizal cheaters’ Gentiana lutea

  7. Classification Debate • Recent rearrangements • Anthocleista went from Loganiaceae to Gentianaceae • Bartonia also had members in Losaceae family, but they have been changed to the genus Mentzelia • Based on molecular, morphological, and photochemical evidence Anthocleista grandiflora Bartonia virginica

  8. Gentian • Type genus of family • Approx. 400 species • Worldwide distribution • Some are evergreen • Polymorphic • Said to have healing powers • Used in alcoholic beverages and, at one time, soda Gentiana asclepiadea

  9. G. paradoxa G. asclepiadea G. douglassiana G. pannonica

  10. Centaurium • Named after centaur Chiron (Greek mythology) • Many plants in this genus used as folk medicines • C. beyrichii was used by early pioneers to reduce fever • C. erythraea has naturalized in N. America where it was introduced • Members of this genus and Gentianaceae in general contain bitter principles for self-defense C. erythraea

  11. Bitter Principles • The bitter principles found in many Gentianaceae are thought to have originated as a self defense mechanism • To humans and animals, it gives a bitter taste to the plant • Has been extracted in the form of ‘Gentian’ • Used in booze, soda, and medicines • Autumn Frog: • 1 oz. Suze • 1 oz. Calvados • 1 oz. French • Vermouth

  12. Eustoma • One of the most important ornamental varieties of Gentianaceae • Many cultivars found in floral markets • Can be found in Southern US, as well as other warm regions • Also called Lisanthus, Texas Bluebell, Tulip Gentian, or just Gentian E. grandiflorum

  13. E. russelianum E. ????? E. exaltatum

  14. Exacum • Nothing special, only included because it looks cool. E. bicolor

  15. E. bicolor E. artopurpurem ANTS! E. lawii

  16. Macrocarpaea • 105 species with 2 hybrids • Largest genus of tribe Helieae within Gentianaceae • Both diurnal and nocturnal pollinators • Insects, hummingbirds, butterflies, moths, and bats, to name a few • Common name is Moon-Gentian • One of few Gentianaceae genera with hairs on leaves M. apparata

  17. Newly Discovered • New species have been discovered as recently as 2006 (submitted ‘07) • M. dies-viridis: found by Harvard students on a 2006 expedition. Named after the band Green Day (dies-viridis = day-green) • M. apparata: named in 2003 for the verb apparata made popular by Harry Potter books. Also submitted by a Harvard affiliate. • M. pringleana: named for Dr. Pringle of the Canadian Royal Botanical Gardens, where he was a plant taxonomist M. sodiroana

  18. Insect Pollinators M. sodiroana M. sodiroana M. sodiroana M. sodiroana

  19. END

  20. Sources • en.wikipedia.org • www.botany.hawaii.edu • www.bunnyhugs.org • www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org • www.hillkeep.ca • www.birdperch.com • www.npwrc.usgs.gov • www.wildflower.utexas.edu • www.gentian.rutgers.edu

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