1 / 24

Organization of the Animal Body

Organization of the Animal Body. Cell and Tissue Types Organ Systems. Most Complex. Living. Non-living. Least Complex. Organizational Hierarchy of Life. organism. organ system. organ. tissue. cell. organelle. macromolecule. molecule. atom. sub-atomic particles. Immune System.

dustin-hardy
Télécharger la présentation

Organization of the Animal Body

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Organization of the Animal Body Cell and Tissue Types Organ Systems

  2. Most Complex Living Non-living Least Complex Organizational Hierarchy of Life organism organ system organ tissue cell organelle macromolecule molecule atom sub-atomic particles

  3. Immune System Cells, Cell Products and Organs That Protect the Body Against Disease

  4. Properties of the Immune Response • Specificity: Unique response against each each invader B. Memory: Increased response at next invasion C. Discrimination: Ability to distinguish “self” from “non-self”

  5. Applying Your Knowledge • Specificity • Memory • Discrimination between self and non-self Which property of the immune response: • keeps you from developing chicken pox a second time? (Assume you had a severe case at age six.) • helps you successfully recover from a cold? • causes you to reject a donated organ?

  6. Components of the Immune System • Cells • Macrophages: engulf invaders • B cells: humoral immunity • T cells: cell-mediated immunity • Organs • Bone Marrow • Spleen • Thymus • Tonsils • Lymphatic vessels • Lymph Nodes

  7. Antigens Macrophage releases cytokines to influence T and B cells Macrophages Engulf the Invader and Signal Other Immune System Cells Viral Invader Macrophage engulfs invader Macrophage Macrophage displays “processed” antigen

  8. Helper T Cell binds to Macrophage T Cell Receptor T Cells Become Activated, Leading to Cell-mediated and Humoral Responses Macrophage Macrophage secretes cytokines to activate T cell Helper T Cell

  9. Antibody B cells Activated Helper T cell stimulates division of selected B cell Humoral Response Invader binds to B cell that carries antibody matching the antigen Dividing B cell gives rise to memory B cells and plasma cells Memory B cells respond in future invasions Plasma cells secrete antibodies into bloodstream

  10. BAD Antigen Constant Constant s s s s s s s s Antibody Structure: Y-Shaped Protein Variable Variable Variable Constant Variable Constant • Antibody has 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains. • Variable regions bind to antigen. • Constant regions bind to cells or other antibodies.

  11. Three-Dimensional Antibody Structure

  12. Gene forconstant regionof light chain Gene forconstant regionof heavy chain Genes forvariable regionof light chain Genes forvariable regionof heavy chain Recombination during Construction of Antibody Genes

  13. Antibodies Mark Invaders for Destruction Phagocytosis by a Macrophage

  14. Applying Your Knowledge • Light Chain • Heavy Chain • Variable Region • Constant Region • Primary Structure • Secondary Structure • Tertiary Structure • Quaternary Structure • Which part of the antibody binds to the antigen? (choices on left) • Which type of protein structure is seen in a functional antibody molecule? (choices on right)

  15. Memory Cells and the Immune Response

  16. Cell-Mediated Response Activated Helper T cell stimulates activity of Cytotoxic T cells Division of T cells gives rise to memory T cells Cytotoxic T cell destroys infected body cells by forming pores in cell membrane Memory T cell responds in future infections

  17. Applying Your Knowledge • Macrophage • Plasma Cell • Memory B Cell • Helper T Cell • Cytotoxic T Cell Which immune system cell: • keeps you from developing chicken pox a second time? (Assume you had a severe case at age six.) • helps you successfully recover from a cold? • causes you to reject a donated organ?

  18. Humoral and Cellular Immunity

  19. Cell-Mediated Immunity at Work Cytotoxic T Cells Cancer Cell

  20. Diseases of the Immune System • Inherited Immune Deficiencies eg. SCID: Severe Combined Immune Deficiency B. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV infects Helper T Cells C. Autoimmune diseases 1. Autoimmune ulcerative colitis 2. Rheumatiod arthritis D. Allergies

  21. Allergic Reactions Mast Cell Histamine vesicle Binding site for“allergy” antibodies “Allergy” plasma cell releases“allergy” antibodies Pollen grains enterrespiratory tract Pollen binds toallergy antibody Causes releaseof histamine,which causessymptoms

  22. Envelope(lipid bilayer) CoreProteins HIV ReverseTranscriptase Viral RNA inprotein coat ProteinCoat Glycoproteins

  23. HIV Infection Helper T Cell (green) EmergingHIV particles Envelope acquiredfrom helper T cell Recently emergedHIV particles (red)

More Related