Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life

1. Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life

2. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” =

3. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry • “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon (C )

4. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry • “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon * Is water organic?

5. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry • “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds

7. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry • “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds • Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C

8. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry • “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds • Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C The carbons are often bound to each other, with Hs bound to each carbon

9. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry • “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds • Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O

11. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry • “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds • Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O • Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings

12. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry • “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds • Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O • Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings • Organic molecules often contain functional groups

13. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides: CH2O

14. Monosaccharides

15. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Individual cells are able to harness the energy in monosaccharides and use it to do work (ex, muscle cell contraction)

16. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Two monosaccharides can bond to form:

17. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Two monosaccharides can bond to form: 2. Disaccharides

19. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Two monosaccharides can bond to form: 2. Disaccharides *Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form:

20. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Two monosaccharides can bond to form: 2. Disaccharides *Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form: 3. Polysaccharides

21. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build polysaccharides to either store energy or

22. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build polysaccharides to either store energy or use them for structure

24. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides a. Starch- plant storage of glucose

25. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides a. Starch- plant storage of glucose b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose

26. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides a. Starch- plant storage of glucose b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose c. Cellulose- major structural component of plant cell walls

28. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic

29. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic- cells use lipids both for energy and structure/function.

30. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic 1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids

31. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Lipids that are or contain fatty acids a. Fatty acids

33. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Lipids that are or contain fatty acids • Fatty acids • Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored

35. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Lipids that are or contain fatty acids • Fatty acids • Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored • Phospholipids- the major structural component of cell membranes

37. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Lipids that are or contain fatty acids • Steroids

39. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins- cells use mostly for structure and function, but can use for energy

40. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins 1. Some example functions

41. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Structure: ex, keratin, collagen

42. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Structure: ex, keratin, collagen • Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies

43. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Structure: ex, keratin, collagen • Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies • Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins

44. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Structure: ex, keratin, collagen • Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies • Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins • Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive enzymes

45. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Structure: ex, keratin, collagen • Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies • Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins • Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive enzymes • Movement: ex, contractile proteins in muscle cells

46. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids

48. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids • Protein shape

49. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids • Protein shape a. They are 3-dimensional

50. III. Major Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic • Proteins • Some example functions • Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids • Protein shape • They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape