Genetic Engineering

1. Genetic Engineering Objectives: Define genetic engineering and explain its practical applications. Discuss the ethical implications of genetic engineering and the human genome project. Explain what a transgenic organism is, give examples and create your own.

2. DO NOW • What is a mutation and describe how they can be good or bad. • What is selective breeding and give an example of an organism that has been selectively bread. • What is genetic engineering?

3. What is this?

4. What is this?

5. Same species?

6. Are these the same species?

7. Canis lupus Canis lupus familiaris

8. How? • How do you go from wolves to dogs?

9. Selective breeding • Allowing only the individuals with the desired characteristics to breed.

11. Domesticated Organisms

12. Domesticated Organisms

13. Domesticated Organisms

14. Tomato

15. Wild Tomato

16. Selectively Bred

17. Hybridization • Crossing individuals with different traits to bring together the best traits

18. Liger

19. ``

23. Inducing mutations • Breeders can increase genetic variations in a population by inducing mutations by exposing them to chemicals or radiation • New Bacteria • New Plants

24. Genetic Engineering • A way to make changes in the genetic code of an organism

25. In 2003 scientists in the Human Genome Project obtained the DNA sequence of the 3 billion base pairs making up the human genome

26. What we’ve learned so far from the Human Genome Project The human genome is nearly the same (99.9%) in all people Only about 2% of the human genome contains genes, which are the instructions for making proteins

27. Other Lessons from the Human Genome Project Humans have an estimated 30,000 genes; the functions of more than half of them are unknown Almost half of all human proteins share similarities with other organisms, which provides evidence of evolution

28. If you could know… • Would you want to know?

29. Messing with DNA • Scientists can take segments of DNA from one organism and splice it onto some other DNA. This is called recombinant DNA, which is DNA combined from two different sources.

30. Messing with DNA • 1986 – Steven Howell luciferase – enzyme that lets fireflies glow

31. Messing with DNA • 1986 – insert luciferase gene into tobacco plant cells

32. Transgenic Organisms • Transgenic organisms contain genes from other species

35. Transgenic Bacteria • Bacteria used to produce human forms of proteins, like insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor.

36. Transgenic Plants • Crops are created to be resistant to pests and chemicals, last longer, and be more nutritious.

37. Transgenic Animals • Used to study genes, create more food, help study diseases, and more!

38. Transgenic Animals • Spider Goat - 2001

39. Your TASK • You are now an Amgen research scientist employed to come up with a new transgenic organism that would be useful to society. Your organism can be derived from plants, animals or bacteria but it must have a purpose for society. Create a ONE page google slide as an advertisement for your Transgenic Organism.

40. Transgenic Animals • GloFish – 2002 – the first transgenic pet

41. Genetic Engineering • Step 1: Extraction • Step 2: Cut DNA • Step 3: Separate DNA Gel Electrophoresis is a procedure used to separate and analyze a segment of DNA

42. DNA Fingerprinting • Gel Electrophoresis results in a DNA fingerprint, which is like a map of an organism’s DNA

43. DNA Fingerprinting

44. Making Copies • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to make many copies of genes.

45. Transgenic Animals • Glow in the dark pigs - 2006

46. Cloning • 1997 – Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut clones a sheep and names it Dolly. • Clones are made of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.

48. How does cloning work?

49. Cloned Animals so far…. • Frog, Fish, Mouse, Sheep, Monkey, Cow, Horse, Cat…humans?