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In the name of Gad

In the name of Gad. عناوین مطالب. 1-اهمیت لیپیدها 2- طبقه بندی لیپیدها 3-اسیدهای چرب 4- اسیدهای چرب غیر اشباع 5-اسیدهای چرب ترانس و سیس 6-انواع اسیدهای چرب 7-خواص اسیدهای چرب 8-الکلها 9-تری آسیل گلیسرولها 10- فسفو آسیل گلیسرول 11- کاردیو لیپین وپلاسمالوژن 12-فسفولیپازها.

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In the name of Gad

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  1. In the name of Gad

  2. عناوین مطالب 1-اهمیت لیپیدها 2- طبقه بندی لیپیدها 3-اسیدهای چرب 4- اسیدهای چرب غیر اشباع 5-اسیدهای چرب ترانس و سیس 6-انواع اسیدهای چرب 7-خواص اسیدهای چرب 8-الکلها 9-تری آسیل گلیسرولها 10- فسفو آسیل گلیسرول 11- کاردیو لیپین وپلاسمالوژن 12-فسفولیپازها 13-ترپنها ،مومها 14-اسفنگولیپیدها 15-استروئیدها 16- غشاءها سلولی 17- پروستاگلاندین ها 18-لیپو پروتئین ها

  3. Lipids • لیپیدها حلالیت کمتری در آب دارند و بیشتر در حلالهای آلی حل مانند اتر، بنزن ..حل میشوند. • لیپیدها مولکولهای دو قطبی (amphipathic) هستند. • لیپیدها جزئ اصلی غشاهای سلولی محسوب می شوند. • لیپیدها مبنع غنی از انرژی محسوب می شوند.1 گرم .....Kcal9 • لیپیدها در انتقال ویتامینهای محلول در چربی (D, A, E, Kِ (Vit • لیپیدهانقش حفاظتی در برابر سرما دارند. • لیپیدها در غشائ سلولهای عصبی درکمک به انتقال امواج عصبی نقش دارند. چربی اسید الکل

  4. Classification of Lipids: • Lipids are classified into Three great classes: • Those that only contain fatty acids + ROH= (simple lipids); -Lipids : fatty acids+ Glycerol =TG - Waxes : fatty acids+ Long alcole • Those that contain fatty acids + ROH+ another Substance (complex lipids). - phospholipids -Glycolipids -Lipoprotien -Sphingolipids • Steroids

  5. Fatty Acids Fatty acids = carboxyl group +a long hydrocarbon chain Saturated fatty acids are single bonds in all carbon-carbon bonds; Unstaurated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chains; Fatty acids can be named in three ways. See above figure and table 6.1 - Number of carbon + Enoic انوئیک -Number of carbon + Anoicآنوئیک 9 اسید اولئیک 18:1 ω9

  6. Classification of FA: • Saturated chains pack tightly and form more rigid, organized aggregates (i.e., membranes); • Unsaturated chains bend and pack in a less ordered way, with greater potential for motion. Saturated FA Unsaturated FA Carboxyl group Hyrocarbon group

  7. Trans & Cis form of USFA w3 trans form of oleic acid W9, w9 w6 w6 cis form of oleic acid غشائ سلولهای شبکیه چشم

  8. Common Fatty Acids Saturated fatty acids: Unsaturated fatty acids: Octadecadienoic acid Octadecatrienoic acid Eicosatetraenoic acid

  9. Structural Consequences of Unsaturation Other Fatty Acids: Cyclic fatty acid اسید شولمگریک اسید چرب حلقوی است. اسید فیتانیک اسید چرب شاخه دار است . اسید پروستانوئیک آسید آراشیدیک

  10. Properties of Fatty Acids: • Melting Point -SFA number of carbon ..... MP -USFA number of double bound …. MP • Saponification (mg KOH……1gr FAT) Number of COOH Number of saponification اسید بوتیریک4 کربنه اسید لیگنوسریک24 کربنه

  11. Properties of Fatty Acids: • Hydrogenation USFA + H2 SFA • Binding with O2 O2 + USFA -Epoxide ((اپوکسید -ketoHydroxide(کتو هیدروکسید) -En –Diol (اندیول) -Proxide(پرواکسید) • Binding With I2 I2 + USFA ( (یا عدد یدیIndies of iodine…..(gr of I2….100 gr fat)

  12. چربی اسید الکل Alcohols : 1-Glycerol 3-Estrols 2-Sphingosine OH حلقه سیکلو پنتانو فنانترن

  13. Lecture 15. Lipids 13 Triglycerols (triglycerides) • Triglycerols consist of a glycerol esterified with three fatty acids • If all fatty acid chains are the same, the molecule is called triacylglycerol (e.g., tristearin) • TG is most important of • Storage lipids in fat tissue • And non polar.

  14. Phosphoacylglycerols a polarhead group (X): serine, choline, ethanolamine, glycerol, or inositol.

  15. x Phosphatidic acid Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylinositol Hydrogen Ethanolamine Choline Serine Inositol

  16. Cardiolipin & Plasmalogen پلاسمالوژن=آلدئید چرب+مونوآسیل گلیسرول پیوند وینیل اتر کارديولیپین=فسفاتیدات +فسفاتیدات+گلیسرول دی فسفاتيدل گليسرول

  17. Phospholipases B

  18. Lecture 15. Lipids 18 Waxes • Waxes are esters of long-chain alcohols with long-chain fatty acids; • Waxes are water-insoluble due to the weakly polar nature of the ester group. استر اسید چرب با الکلهای با زنجیره بلند هستند

  19. Lecture 15. Lipids 19 Terpenes • Terpenes are a class of lipids from two or more molecules of 2-methyl-1,2-butadiene, or isoprene; • Example of a terpene molecule: • All sterols (including cholesterol) and steroid hormones are terpene-based molecules

  20. Sphingolipids: Sphingolipids are derivatives of the lipid sphingosine, which has a long hydrocarbon tail, and a polar domain that includes an amino group. R-OH + The amino group of sphingosine can form an amide bond with a fatty acid carboxyl, to yield a ceramide. Ceramides usually include a polarhead group,

  21. Sphingomyelins FA + Spingosine ceramide ((سرامید Ceramide + phosphocholine Sphingomyelin(اسفنگومیلین)

  22. Sphingoglycolipids Ceramide+ monosaccharide Cerebrosides(سربروزید) Ceramide + monosaccharide + sialic acidGangliosides(GM)(گانگلیوزید) Ceramide + monosaccharide +sulfate Sulfatides(سولفاتید)

  23. Hydrogen Phosphocholine Glucose Oligosaccharide Ceramide Sphingomyelin glucosylcerebroside Gangliosides

  24. Steroid: Cholesterol is largely hydrophobic. But it has one polar group, a hydroxyl, making it amphipathic. Cholesterol, an important constituent of cell membranes, has a rigid ring system and a short branched hydrocarbon tail.

  25. Steroid: Cholesterol inserts into bilayer membranes with its OH oriented toward the aqueous phase & its hydrophobic ring system adjacent to fatty acid chains of phospholipids. The hydroxyl group of cholesterol forms hydrogen bonds with polar phospholipid head groups.However interaction with the relatively rigid cholesterol decreases the mobility of hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids.

  26. Membrane Phospholipids Phospholipid

  27. Example of steroids اسید کولیک اسید کنوداکسی کولیک

  28. Prostaglandins: :TX انقباض عظله صاف رگها تجمع پلاکتی

  29. Prostaglandins inhibitors Dexamethasone indomethacin ibuprofen - تجمع پلاکتی را افزایش می دهند -تنظیم عبور یونها از غشائ -التهاب -تنظیم متابولیسم کلسیم وعضله -ترشح موسین از معده

  30. Lipid transport in the circulation Lipids are insoluble in plasma. In order to be transported they are combined with specific proteins to form lipoproteins: Proteins (apoproteins) Non polar lipids in core (TAG and cholesterol esters) Cholesterol • Apoproteins are only weakly associated with a particular lipoprotein and are easily transferred to another lipoprotein of a different class. Apoproteins have various functions including:  • Structural role  • Binding sites for receptors  • Activators or co-enzymes for enzymes involved with lipid metabolism 

  31. Lipoproteins HDL LDL & VLDL

  32. Chylomicrons • Assembled in intestinal mucosal cells. • They enter the lymphatic system and enter the blood via the thoracic duct. • They contain mostly TAG. • Nascent chylomicrons contain apoprotein B48 but pick up others apoproteins from high density lipoproteins (HDL) once they enter the circulation. Apoprotein phospholipid Cholesterol ester Cholesterol TAG (86%) Function is to transport dietary TAG to the adipose tissues where it can be stored as fat or to muscles where the constituent fatty acids can be used for energy.

  33. The five classes of lipoprotein(all contain characteristic amounts TAG, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and apoproteins) Increasing density

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