Shelter After Disaster 1982-2005 Phase I: Scooping Study

1. Shelter After Disaster 1982-2005Phase I: Scooping Study Shelter Meeting 05b 16-17 November 2005, Geneva Presented by: Yasemin Aysan

2. Aim: Review, through a consultative desk study, the major changes that have occured since 1982 in the field of shelter following natural disasters, as a foundation to the second phase, a full revision of the 1982 guidelines ‘Shelter After Disaster’. 1982 - 2005, Shelter After Disaster, Phase 1 scoping studyCommissioned by UN-OCHA

3. Objectives: Review the changes in nature and extent of hazards faced since 1982; the trends in vulnerabilities and capacities, both rural and urban for the same period; changes in operational response policy, capacity&approach; the knowledge available, including a review of publications, academic literature, conferences, evaluations and situation reports. 1982 - 2005, Shelter After Disaster, Phase 1 scoping study

4. I.Emergency shelter Resource of survivors as primary source Allocation of roles for assisting groups by local administration –who, where, what Assessment of needs versus damage Evacuation of survivors voluntarily Role of emergency shelter attributed too high priority Shelter strategies between emergency&reconstruction Contingency planning to anticipate shelter needs 1982 Shelter After Disaster: content

5. Reconstruction: opportunity for risk reduction and reform Relocation of settlements Land use and land tenure Financing shelter creates dependency II. Post-disaster housing

6. Rising expectations; cost of prefabs make them permanent; sets a standard for modern reconstruction; creates tension with non affected Accountability of donors to the recepients Guidelines for the local level for each post-disaster situation based on these general principles III. conclusions

7. Hazard trends Climate variability resulting in unexpected meteorological disasters, Hazards simultaneously affecting multiple countries (Mitch, Mozambique floods, tsunami) Shelter implications: Demand on emergency shelter and housing, human resources and reconstruction finance simultaneously in several countries Key changes since 1982

8. Vulnerability trends Population increase in high risk areas eg. China, India, Endonesia exposing large numbers of lives and assets at risk; Increased economic activity and housing along the coastal areas resulting in losses of housing and livelihoods; Rapid urbanisation and lack of enforcement of land use and building standards increasing risk to property; Urban poverty resulting in poor construction; settlement in unsafe areas; renters being left out of reconstruction; Changes in housing technology (rural and urban) from vernacular to modern; Conflict and natural disasters in the same territory (Sri Lanka, Indonesia) creating politisation of aid and issues of equity in housing Key changes since 1982

9. Mitigating factors Improved forcasting and early warning, possibility of evacuation and saving lives; cyclone shelters etc.; Wide spread community based disaster preparedness; Housing finance for post-disaster housing; Transfer of risk through insurance and introduction of micro-insurance for housing; Key changes since 1982

10. IFIs increasingly play a critical role in financinghousing reconstruction and risk transfer; Weak coordination and setting standards by the national authorities as well as international players, little equity across various types of shelter provision; Land becoming a limited and expensive commodity, land ownership still an issue; Infrastructure and livelihood recognised as essential components of shelter provision; Recognition of environmental aspects; Key changes since 1982

11. key changes since 1982 • Communications and media • Telephone (shelter impact: some, coordination): landlines: some improvement, mobile cellular networks, such as GSM: rapid increase and coverage, satellite telephony networks • E-mail (shelter impact: significant, learning, good practice) fromearly 1990s • World wide web (shelter impact: growing where bandwidth) fromearly 1990s growth in availability, via websites such as HICs and Shelter Library, of material including situation reports, assessments, evaluations, tools, good practice

12. key changessince 1982 Coordination between stakeholders Affected population: better consultation; participation improved National and international armed forces: CIMIC new, weak; symbolic interventions, tent stock, logistic and man power United Nations bodies: weak shelter coordination; housing a gap; IASC working groups an improvement; IOs/NGOs:renewed interest in natural disaster response; in shelter/housing; Donors: inter-donor coordination still weak despite good donorship initiative; post-disaster housing often bi-lateral; Private sector: weak, with potential (eg IMG)

13. Organisational changes There are still few organisations specialising in emergency shelter, some in reconstruction. Organisations founded after 1982: ECHO (1996), SDC (1990), OCHA (1998), UNOPS (1995), RedR (1980), SFL (1984), Sphere (1997); Architecture & Developpement (1997), Shelter Centre (1995), etc. key changes since 1982

14. Coordination mechanisms UN: development of mandate responsibilities & coordination (eg IASC) IASC clusters working group: recent initiative to develop UN/IO/NGO linkages Early warning: regional governments (eg UNESCO IOC); technology driven Research: significant growth (eg Hazard.net); implementation linkages improving since 1982

15. Sheltering options since 1982 • Site-adjacent shelter (eg Gujarat): common;weak understanding; better support • Host families (eg Sri Lanka): common;weak support; significant potential • Rural self-settlement (eg Bangladesh): rare; weak support • Urban self-settlement (eg New Orleans): common (eg slums); • Collective centres/shelters (eg Madagascar): rare; insufficient; weak support • Self-settled camps (eg Aceh): common; increasing support • Planned camps (eg Pakistan): common; significant support

16. Comprehensive sectoral coordination (emergency to reconstruction): rare Assessment (linked to monitoring and evaluation): rare; many tools Areas of responsibility, progress (capacity distribution, schedule of works): rare Principles, standards, implementation steps: generally improving, specific rare Public information (campaign; centres): rare, stakeholder coordination weak Technical support: few ‘barefoot’ engineers; few tent options, small stockpile capacity Implementation since 1982

17. Standards, laws, principles, codes since 1982 • Standards: • 'Minimum Charter and Standards In Disaster Response' (Sphere Project): accepted by international community, weak national influence; • ‘Humanitarian Accountability Partnership' (HAP-I): under development • International, human rights: • Article 25 (Universal Declaration on Human Rights): poor awareness; rarely used • Article 11 (International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights): rarely used

18. Principles Shelter After Disaster (UNDRO, 1982): poor awareness; rarely used Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (OCHA, 1999): poor awareness Shelter Principles (Shelter Centre): under development Codes of conduct 'Code of Conduct' (IFRC): common; impacts equitable participation and provision , no enforcement; ‘People in Aid Code' (People in Aid, 2003): for aid workers; impact on site safety?

19. Disasters and the Small Dwelling Conference, Oxford, 1991; set agenda for the IDNDR; Shelter Conference, UNHCR, 1993; no continuity; HABITAT Conference 1996; limited coverage of post-disaster shelter; Shelter Meetings, Since 2002; provides a platform for exchange among shleter community twice a year; Kobe Conference 2005; limited reference to post- disaster shelter; Key events since 1982

20. Phase 1 sponsored by UN OCHA to be completed by the end of January 2006, with contributions from 10 experts Gaps identified and a structure developed for the revision Phase 2 planned with support from DfID 2005 what is next?