160( ish ) Days of Language Arts in 20 Minutes or Less!

1. 160(ish) Days of Language Arts in 20 Minutes or Less!

2. Context Clues – What Are They? • Context clues are bits of information from the text that, when combined with prior knowledge, allow you to decide the meaning of unknown words in the story or article you are reading. • As a reader you must act similar to a detective and put together clues from sentences surrounding an unknown word in order to make an intelligent “guess” as to what the definition of a word is.

3. Inference • Making an inference is basically reading between the lines • Draw personal meaning from text (words) or pictures. • When you think about that hidden information on your own and understand what the author has written, you’re making an inference!

4. Make an Inference! • What does this image tell me?

5. Dramatic Irony • A contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader/audience knows to be true

6. Verbal Irony • Words used to suggest the opposite of what is meant • Functions a lot like sarcasm

7. Situational Irony • An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience

8. Direct Characterization Direct characterization is when the author TELLS the audience what the personality of the character is. Example: “The patient boy and quiet girl were both at the game.” The author is telling us that the boy is patient and the girl is kind.

9. Indirect Characterization Indirect characterization is when the author SHOWS things that reveal the personality of the character.

10. Mood *The writer may carefully select details such as descriptivewords, dialogue, imagery, and setting to create a mood. *May also use symbolism to create mood *Symbol: something that stands for something else

11. Tone *Tone: attitude the author takes toward the subject *The language and details the writer chooses to describe the characters, setting, and events help to create the tone. *Tone often reflects the author’spurpose.

12. Tone can be… • Informal/Formal • Serious/Humorous • Literal/Sarcastic • Objective/Biased • Playful, Naïve, Condescending or many other possibilities

13. To Sum Up… • Tone is how the author feels • Mood is how YOU feel while reading • Both are INFERRED from the text

14. Author’s Purpose

15. 3 Main Purposes • To inform • To persuade • To entertain

16. To Inform • Share knowledge or information • Author will provide you with facts, NOT opinions • This type of writing is straightforward and unbiased • The author’s tone is neutral (neither good nor bad) • Non-fiction • Think: • Biographies, text books, the news, charts, research papers,

17. To Persuade • Get the reader to believe something or try something • This type of writing often mixes fact AND opinion • Author will take a stance that something is good or bad, right or wrong • Think: • Commercials, editorials, campaign speeches, advertisements

18. To Entertain • To talk about a theme, event or story • Think: • Fiction, movie, novel, short story, poetry

19. Denotation The denotation of a word is its dictionary meaning.

20. Connotation The connotation of a word is the set of ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning

21. Denotation versus Connotation Some examples – Cheap is “low in cost” (denotation) but “stingy” or “poorly made” are the connotations of cheap

22. Imagery Imagery is words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers use imagery to describe how their subjects look, sound, feel, taste, and smell.

23. PLOTLINE Climax Rising Action Falling Action Resolution Exposition Conflict Introduced

24. Exposition The Exposition is the introduction. It is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation.

25. Rising Action Rising Action is the part of the plot that begins to occur as soon as the conflict is introduced. The rising action adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest.

26. Climax The Climax is the point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative. The climax typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.

27. Falling Action Falling Action is the action that typically follows the climax and reveals its results.

28. Resolution The Resolution is the part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.

29. Conflict Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story or play. There are two types of conflict that exist in literature.

30. External Conflict External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate. Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs. Society

31. Internal Conflict Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. Man vs. Himself

32. Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is the author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.

33. Point of View Point of View is the perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told. It is the relationship of the narrator to the story.

34. First Person is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”. Third-person limitedis the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and “she” to refer to the characters. The narrator knows the thoughts, feelings and motivations of ONE character Third person omniscient is the point of view where the narrator knows the thoughts, feelings and motivations of MULTIPLE characters

35. Theme The theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or purpose. A theme is always GENERAL. It applies to anyone, anywhere, at any point in time

36. Metaphor A Metaphor is a type of speech that compares or equates two or more things that have something in common. A metaphor does NOT use like or as. Example: Life is a bowl of cherries.

37. Simile A Simile is another figure of speech that compares seemingly unlike things. Simile’s DO use the words like or as. Example: Her voice was like nails on a chalkboard.

38. Personification Personification is a figure of speech in which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities or characteristics. Example: Tears began to fall from the dark clouds.

39. Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, most often consonant sounds, at the beginning of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

40. FORM - the appearance of the words on the page LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem STANZA - a group of lines arranged together POETRY FORM

41. METER • A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. • Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern. • When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

42. FOOT - unit of meter. A foot can have two or three syllables. Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. TYPES OF FEET The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. METER cont.

43. METER cont. • TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Iambic - unstressed, stressed Trochaic - stressed, unstressed

44. Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme. Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. A more modern type of poetry. FREE VERSE POETRY

45. Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. from Julius Ceasar Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come. BLANK VERSE POETRY

46. Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. (A word always rhymes with itself.) LAMP STAMP Share the short “a” vowel sound Share the combined “mp” consonant sound RHYME

47. END RHYME • A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line • Hector the Collector • Collected bits of string. • Collected dolls with broken heads • And rusty bells that would not ring.

48. INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. • Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. • From “The Raven” • by Edgar Allan Poe

49. a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH ROSE LOSE Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound) Share the same consonant sound NEAR RHYME

50. RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always). • Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.