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Quantum Theory

Quantum Theory. What is Quantum Theory?.

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Quantum Theory

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  1. Quantum Theory

  2. What is Quantum Theory? Quantum theory is a theory needed to describe physics on amicroscopic scale, such as on the scale of atoms, molecules,electrons, protons, etc.Classical theories:Newton – Mechanical motion of objects (F = ma) –ParticleMaxwell – Light treated as a waveNEITHER OF THESE THEORIES QUITE WORK FOR ATOMS, MOLECULES, ETC. Quantum (from Merriam-Webster) Any of the very small increments or parcels into which many forms of energy are subdivided. Light is a form of energy w/ a quantum of EM energy.

  3. Quantum (from Merriam-Webster) Any of the very small increments or parcels into which many forms of energy are subdivided. Light is a form of energy w/ a quantum of EM energy. Each quantum is associated with the energy level energy differences surrounding the source atom providing the light.

  4. The Wave – Particle Duality OR

  5. Light Waves Until about 1900, the classical wave theory of light describedmost observed phenomenon. Light waves:Characterized by: • Amplitude (A) • Frequency (f) • Wavelength (l) Energy of wave a A2

  6. And then there was a problem… In the early 20th century, several effects were observed which could not be understood using the wave theory of light.Two of the more influential observations were:1) The Photo-Electric Effect 2) The Compton Effect I will describe each of these today…

  7. What if we try this ? Vary wavelength, fixed amplitude No No Yes, withlow KE No Yes, withhigh KE No No Photoelectric Effect (I) “Classical” Method Increase energy by increasing amplitude electrons emitted ? electrons emitted ? No electrons were emitteduntil the frequency of the light exceeded a critical frequency, at which point electrons were emitted from the surface! (Recall: small l = high f )

  8. Photoelectric Effect (II) • Electrons are attracted to the (positively charged) nucleus by theelectrical force • In metals, the outermost electrons are not tightly bound, and canbe easily “liberated” from the shackles of its atom. • It just takes sufficient energy… Classically, we increase the energyof an EM wave by increasing theintensity (e.g. brightness) Energy a A2 But this doesn’t work ??

  9. PhotoElectric Effect (III) • An alternate view is that light is acting like a particle • The light particle must have sufficient energy to “free” theelectron from the atom. • Increasing the Amplitude is simply increasing the numberof light particles, but its NOT increasing the energy of each one! Increasing the Amplitude does diddly-squat! • However, if the energy of these “light particle” is related to their frequency, this would explain why higher frequency light canknock the electrons out of their atoms, but low frequency light cannot…

  10. “Light particle” Before Collision After Collision Photo-Electric Effect (IV) • In this “quantum-mechanical” picture, the energy of thelight particle (photon) must overcome the binding energy of the electron to the nucleus. • The energy of the photon is given by E=hf, where theconstant h = 6.6x10-34 [J s] is Planck’s constant.

  11. Photons • Quantum theory describes light as a particle called a photon • According to quantum theory, a photon has an energy given byE = hf = hc/lh = 6.6x10-34 [J s]Planck’sconstant, after the scientist Max Planck. • The energy of the light is proportional to the frequency (inversely proportional to the wavelength) ! The higher the frequency (lower wavelength) the higher the energy of the photon. • 10 photons have an energy equal to ten times a single photon. • Quantum theory describes experiments to astonishing precision, whereas the classical wave description cannot.

  12. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Shortest wavelengths (Most energetic photons) E = hf = hc/l h = 6.6x10-34 [J*sec](Planck’s constant) Longest wavelengths (Least energetic photons)

  13. Momentum In physics, there’s another quantity which we hold just assacred as energy, and this is momentum. For an object with mass, momentum is given by: The units are: [kg] [m/s] == [kg m/s] Unlike energy, which is a scalar, momentum is a vector. That isit has both magnitude & direction. The direction is along thedirection of the velocity vector. The reason it is important in physics, is, because like Energy:TOTAL MOMENTUM IS ALWAYS CONSERVED

  14. Do photons carry momentum ? DeBroglie’s proposed that the a photon not only carries energy,but also carries momentum.But, p = mv, and photon’s have m=0, so how can it be that themomentum is not zero?? DeBroglie postulated that photons carry momentum, and theirmomentum is: If we substitute: E = hc/l into this equation, we get: Momentum carried by a photonwith wavelength l

  15. THE BOHR ATOM: Understanding the origin of Bohr's model required an essential bold step – enter Louis de Broglie. Yodh

  16. The Wave nature of material bodies: If light, which classically is a wave, can have particle nature as shown by Planck and Einstein, can material particles exhibit wave nature ? Prince Louis de Broglie while doing his Ph.D. research said particles should have wave like properties. Yodh

  17. Wave Nature of Matter Louis de Broglie in 1923 proposed that matter particles should exhibit wave properties just as light waves exhibited particle properties. These waves have very small wavelengths in most situations so that their presence was difficult to observe. These waves were observed a few years later by Davisson and G.P. Thomson with high energy electrons. These electrons show the same pattern when scattered from crystals as X-rays of similar wave lengths. This is an electron microscope image of a fly Yodh

  18. A SUMMARY OF DUAL ITY OF NATURE Wave particle duality of physical objects LIGHT Wave nature -EM wave Particle nature -photons Optical microscope Interference Convert light to electric current Photo-electric effect PARTICLES Wave nature Particle nature Matter waves -electron microscope Electric current photon-electron collisions Discrete (Quantum) states of confined systems, such as atoms. Yodh

  19. QUNATUM MECHANICS: ALL PHYSICAL OBJECTS exhibit both PARTICLE AND WAVE LIKE PROPERTIES. THIS WAS THE STARTING POINT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS DEVELOPED INDEPENDENTLY BY WERNER HEISENBERG AND ERWIN SCHRODINGER. Particle properties of waves: Einstein relation: Energy of photon = h (frequency of wave). Wave properties of particles: de Broglie relation: wave length = h/(mass times velocity) Physical object described by a mathematical function called the wave function. Experiments measure the Probability of observing the object. Yodh

  20. DeBroglie’s Relation DeBroglierelation l = h / p p = h / l l = h / mv Photons carry momentum !!! E = hc / l Photons also carry energy !!! Both energy & momentum are inversely proportional to thewavelength !!!  The highest energy photons are those which havesmall wavelength (that’s why gamma rays are so dangerous)

  21. Incident X-raywavelength l1 M A T T E R Scattered X-raywavelength l2 l2 >l1 e Electron comes flying out The Compton Effect In 1924, A. H. Compton performed an experiment where X-rays impinged on matter, and he measured the scattered radiation. Louis de Broglie Problem: According to the wave picture of light, the incident X-ray should give up some of its energy to the electron, and emerge with a lower energy (i.e., the amplitude is lower), but should have l2=l1. It was found that the scattered X-ray did not have the same wavelength ?

  22. Electroninitially atrest (almost) Scattered X-ray E2 = hc / l2 Incident X-rayE1 = hc / l1 l2 >l1 e e Ee e Quantum Picture to the Rescue Compton found that if you treat the photons as if they were particles of zero mass, with energy E=hc/l and momentum p=h/l The collision behaves just as if it were 2 billiard balls colliding !Photon behaves like a particle with energy & momentum as given above!

  23. Summary of Photons • Photons can be treated as “packets of light” which behave as a particle. • To describe interactions of light with matter, one generally has to appeal to the particle (quantum) description of light. • A single photon has an energy given byE = hc/l, where h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x10-34 [J·s] and, c = speed of light = 3x108 [m/s]l = wavelength of the light (in [m]) • Photons also carry momentum. The momentum is related to the energy by: p = E / c = h/l

  24. So is light a wave or a particle ? On macroscopic scales, we can treat a large number of photonsas a wave. When dealing with subatomic phenomenon, we are often dealingwith a single photon, or a few. In this case, you cannot usethe wave description of light. It doesn’t work !

  25. Home Work Page 742 #31, 33, 48, 55, 56

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