Japan, Westernization, and Meiji Restoration

1. Japan, Westernization, and Meiji Restoration

2. Arose in the wake of the Mongol failure to conquer Japan. Japanese ruling class was weakened in its wake (Kamakura Shogunate). Ashikaga Yoshimitsu Ashikaga Shogunate 1338-1573

3. The Golden Pavillion

4. Warring States Period: 1467-1568 • The formation of provincial “castle towns”. • Consolodation of Samurai, similar to that of China—a power grab. • Japan was in effect 260 small countries led by rogue Daimyo. • Came to a close with the Onin War.

5. Japan’s Three Heroes • Oda Nobunaga (new-buh-nah-ga) • Toyotomi Hideyoshi (hee-deh-yoh-she) • Tokugawa Ieyasu (Ee-aay-yah-suh) • Japanase proverb: “Oda punds the national rice cake, Hideoshi kneads it and in the end Ieyasu sits down and eats it”.

6. End Warring States Period, by declaring Japan united under one “sword”. Rose from obscure poverty to consolidate control of Japan until his assassination in 1582 Monks of Mt. Hiei Welcomed Jesuits—disliked Buddhism for political reasons. Oda Nobunaga

7. The most important figure in Japanese history. Born the homeless son of a peasant. Unified Japan and extended her dominion over parts of Asia (Korea) Est. national currency Nearly unified island’s daimyo Toyotomi Hideyoshi

8. Land survey program Alternate residence program Sword hunt for peace Birth of the four class system: Samurai, Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants

9. Japanese children are taught “Ieyasu ate the pie that Nobunaga made and Hideyoshi baked”. Emerged in 1600 at the battle of Sekigahara (say-key-gah-har-ah) In other words…he completed the work by the other two notable founders. The Tokugawa Age

11. Alterante residence and hostage reforms Castle building fobidden Sakoku-closed country Tokugawa Politics

12. Siege at Osaka • Christian Missionaries and Samurais joined with Ieyasu’s enemies…this ended the gains of Christianity in Japan. • 300,000 converts by 1600. • Ieyasu associated the Samurai war with Christianity • Christianity was ruthlessly oppressed.

13. Opposing the West • Europeans arriving throughout the Tokugawa Age. • Visitors initially welcomed. • Hideyoshi interested in using European weapons. • Castles built on a European scale

14. Osaka Castle

15. Azuchi’s Castle

16. Manumoto Castle

17. Christianity and trade • Francis Xavier was successful making inroads into Japan. • However, the need for all citizens to owe allegiance to the Pope led Hydeoshi to abolish Christian activities on the islands. • All missionaries exiled by 1612 • Revolts such as the Christian revolt at Kyushu was bloodily suppressed • Dutch treatment…one entrance a year—could remain for 2 months.

18. Commodore Perry

22. The zealous young emperor initiated massive reforms including: Daimyo power cut Hereditary privileges gone Titles to lands lost Government bonds given in place of lost lands—given government control over economy Samurai received lump sum of cash each year to replace salaries. Meiji Restoration-1867

23. Samurai reacted angrily to Western intrusion and attacked foreigners (1858-1863. • Response: Western Gunboats • 1867: Sat-Cho seize government and “restore” power of emperor

24. Sat-Cho Alliance: Battle of Shiroyama -

25. Meiji goals • Meet foreign threat head on • “Enrich the state and strenghten the armed forces” • Dropped anti foreign views and embraced their culture: “Japan must be reborn with America its mother and France its father”.

26. 1871: Feudalism abolished • French revolution as example—disintegrated class and made everyone equal under the law.

27. Capital Relocation • Into palace of Shogun a display of defiance

28. Charter Oath of 1868 By this oath, we set up as our aim the establishment of the national wealth on a broad basis and the framing of a constitution and laws. • Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion. • All classes, high and mighty, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state. • The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent. • Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature. • Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.[3]

29. Reforms • Meiji reforms arrived at through the collaboration between the Sat-Cho clique, the Emperor and academics under Prince Hirobumi who traveled abroad and studied Western governments in US, UK, and Germany.

30. Government • 1890’s: based largely on Germany’s was a “gift of the emperor” giving him large powers with a small democratic feel. • Democratic in appearance, despotic in practice • Blended aristocratic past with new institutions

31. Economics • Redefined land ownership • Taxes-3-5% of land value • Fixed taxes which proved reliable • Promotion of industry (viewed as necessary to survive) • Provided aid and stimulus • Labor crises…oh to be a miner in Nagasaki!

32. Social changes • Japan becoming more urban • Classes becoming more fluid • Gender roles very rigid for women, could get an education • No special privileges for aristocrats • Slavery abolished • Conscript Army-1871 • Young introduced to west-baseball

33. Japan comes full circle… • Realizing their geographic limitations, Japan realized that it was necessary for them to conquer other areas. • Russo-Japanese War: 1905 a huge success for Japan. • 1870’s began picking away at China (Taiwan) • 1871-US example

34. Imperialism • Absorbed Korea with “Gunboat diplomacy” in 1876. • Defeated China in 1894 • Defeated Russia in 1905

35. Center of movement? • The Japanese love of their history and their desire for greatness…a proud nationalism. • Differences with China?