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Mental Health/Illness

Mental Health/Illness. Objectives. At end of the session, students should be able to; Discuss the factors influencing mental health Outline predisposing factors to the development of mental illness Identify the specific neurotransmitters and their implications in mental disorders.

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Mental Health/Illness

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  1. Mental Health/Illness

  2. Objectives • At end of the session, students should be able to; • Discuss the factors influencing mental health • Outline predisposing factors to the development of mental illness • Identify the specific neurotransmitters and their implications in mental disorders

  3. Factors Influencing Mental Health • Inherited Characteristics • Nurturing during childhood • Life circumstances (Shives, 2008, p.7)

  4. Predisposing Factors • The cause of most mental disorders are unknown but there are various theories that are used to explain the developmental of the disorders • Factors can be grouped as • Biological/physical factors • Psychological factors • Social/environmental factors

  5. Predisposing Factors BIOLOGICAL • Changes in brain chemicals/structure • Hormonal changes • Medical conditions/diseases (STIs / disability • Age and sex • Dietary changes/deficiencies • Drug use/ abuse* • Hereditary/genetics • Organic factors – poison, injury through accidents – epilepsy, M.R

  6. Predisposing factors PSYCHOLOGICAL • Life Events and Environmental Stress • Stress – from school, home, society • Peer pressure • Conflicts -Parent-child, Teacher-child conflicts • Failure to achieve personal expectations, social expectations • Abuses- sexual, physical, emotional, neglect • Unnecessary worry/anxiety • Learned helplessness - a persons (perceived) inability to control events

  7. Predisposing Factors • Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic factors (Decrease self esteem, negative thoughts about self, environment, about future) e.g. Beck described the cognitive triad: • Negative selfview – “things are bad because I’m bad” • Negative interpretation of experience – “everything has always been bad” • Negative view of the future – anticipation of failure

  8. Predisposing factors • SOCIAL/ ENVIRONMENTAL • Family relationships – double binding theory, poor child raring practices,poor role models, single parenting/step parenting, working parents, adoption. • Poverty/ unemployment or other economic situations • Educational situations – illiteracy, learning problems, failures, intellectual disability. • Social class barriers/ racism • Crime and violence • Geographical location/ isolation

  9. . • *DRUG USE/ ABUSE/ MISUSE This pose one of the greatest problems among young people. • Stimulants e.g. cocaine and its derivatives, nicotine, amphetamines, caffeine Depressants- alcohol, tranquillizers (antipsychotics/ anxiolytics*), opiates (heroin,morphine, codeine), sedatives, barbiturates (phenobarbitone), antihistamines • Hallucinogens – phencyclidine(PCP), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin/mushroom

  10. Predisposing factors • Inhalants – glues(ponal, patex), products with high acetone concentration(nail polish/remover) • CANNABIS – hash oil, hashish, tea, dried leaves. Ganja abuse is one of the most common mental problems that exist among young people. • Names for Cannabis - weed, herb, ganja, sensemena, chalis

  11. Neurotransmitters: Possible Implications for Mental Illness • Dopamine: an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that when it finds its way to its receptor sites, it blocks the tendency of that neuron to fire; excess amounts in the frontal lobe –schizophrenia, too little in the motor areas– parkinsonism • Norepinephrine: important in forming memories; also implicated in mood disorders • Histamine: weight gain associated with psychotropic medications

  12. Neurotransmitters: Possible Implications for Mental Illness • Serotonin: inhibitory; involved in emotions and mood; Too little can lead to depression, problems with anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and suicide; also leads to an increased appetite for carbohydrates (starchy foods) and trouble sleeping • Acetylcholine: there is a link between acetylcholine and Alzheimer's disease:  90% loss of acetylcholine in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. it is also implicated in sleep disorders

  13. Neurotransmitters: Possible Implications for Mental Illness (cont’d)‏ • Neuropeptides, endorphins and enkephalins, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and substance P: Alzheimer’s disease, movement disorders • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA):inhibitory; too little produces anxiety disorders; if it is lacking in some areas of the brain can induced epilepsy. • Glutamate –discovered in 1994 as a neurotransmitter. The most common neurotransmitter as much as half the neurons in the brain. Important in memory; can be toxic to the brain

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