Age of Imperialism

1. Age of Imperialism Ch. 27 pp. 685-709

2. Concept Questions • How did the Industrial Revolution lead to Imperialism? • What are the causes and characteristics of imperialism? • How does location impact the characteristics? • What are the effects of imperialism? • How does imperialism lead to nationalism, alliances and World War I?

3. Motivations • Political • Nationalism and the desire to increase territory • Adding port cities and trade routes • Berlin Conference – division of Africa • Economic • Need for raw materials – cotton, rubber, oils • New markets for manufactured goods – industrialization • Mining to create wealth – diamonds, gold, copper, tin • Social • Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest • White Man’s Burden – civilize other races by spreading their culture • Spread of Christianity through missionaries

4. Types of Imperialism

5. Management of Colonies Direct Indirect Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule Goal: assimilation Government institutions are based only on European styles Examples: French: Somaliland, Vietnam German: Tanganyika Portuguese: Angola Local government officials were used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules Examples: British: Nigeria, India, Burma U.S.: Pacific Islands

6. Middle East • Modernization of Egypt under Muhammad Ali • Big debt owed to Britain • Built the Suez Canal - connected Red Sea to Mediterranean • British take control of the Canal to pay for debts • Ottoman Turks • Weak sultans cause a decline in power • European countries rush to grab territory • Geopolitics - interest in land for strategic location or products • Example: Britain and Russia – Persian Gulf for oil

7. India – “Jewel of the Crown” • Queen Victoria – 1837-1901 • British East India Company • Control over India • No competition allowed between British and Indian companies • Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny – Indian Revolt of 1857 • Pushed by Christian conversions and racism • Indian soldiers rebelled but unable to coordinate between Hindu and Muslim Indians • Failure causes the Raj – increased control by Britain (1757 – 1947) • Indians are second class citizens in their own country

8. China • Series of concessions • Not impressed by technology of the west • Pride in ancient culture and self-sufficient • Opium Wars • British sales of Opium to purchase tea • Chinese executed opium dealers, Britain responded with war • Superior technology allows Britain to win and establish spheres of influence • Taiping Rebellion • Rebellion caused by the Opium War loss • Manchu rulers challenged • European help needed to put down the rebellion • Boxer Rebellion • Interior rebellion protesting foreign influence • Hundreds of foreigners killed • U.S. plays large role in putting down the rebellion establishing their own influence in China – Open Door Policy

9. Japan • Commodore Mathew Perry • Black Fleet • Treaty of Kanagawa - agreed to trade with western powers to avoid colonization • Modernization • Becomes imperialistic to compete with the west • Sino-Japanese War – vs. China over Korea • Russo-Japanese War – vs. Russia over Manchuria • Korea annexed and ruled harshly

10. Southeast Asia • French and British lay claims in Indochina • Efforts to drive out foreign influence • Siam (Thailand) – King Mongkut • Argued that his country was a natural buffer between British and French colonies • Was able to modernize and maintain independence • U.S. - acquires Pacific Islands (Spanish-American War) • Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico • Panama Canal • Hawaii • Queen Liliuokalani – overthrown to allow annexation • Sanford B. Dole becomes president of republic, immediately requests statehood

11. Imperialists Divide Africa • Africa Before Imperialism • Independent - traders, military, nations • Nations Compete for Overseas Empires • Abuse by the Belgian King Leopold • Berlin Conference – division of Africa - unnatural divisions based on what the European nations wanted ( no African invited) • Cash crops replace food crops – impact? • Military Technology: modern weapons, naval vessels • Made conquest easier • Transportation Technology: steamboats, railroads • Made settlement in the interior possible • Transported goods as well as people • Communication: telegraphs, cables, wireless radio • Medical: quinine

12. Africa • Three Groups Clash over South Africa • Africans (Zulu), Dutch (Boers), British • Zulu chief, Shaka created a state in Southern Africa through military actions • Great Trek – movement of Boers north (Guns,Germs,Steel) • Boer War – Dutch vs. British in attempt to keep foreigners out of S. Africa • Few African Nations able to remain independent

13. Impact of Colonial Rule • Positive • Reduced local warfare • Improved sanitation, hospitals, schools • Infrastructure - railroads (Cecil Rhodes), telephone/telegraph, dams • African products valued • Negative • Lost control of their land & independence • Abuses of human rights • Resistance in some regions • Cash crops over food crops – caused famine • Disease • Loss of culture and identity • Depletion of natural resources • Boundaries which caused rivalries between groups • Increased competition between European nations