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Potential objections. _______________________________________________________. 1. Complexity. ‘The Smurf didn’t catch two birds’. _______________________________________________________. WRONG !. She did catch two birds !. ‘The Smurf didn’t catch two birds’.

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  1. Potential objections _______________________________________________________ 1. Complexity

  2. ‘The Smurf didn’t catch two birds’ _______________________________________________________ WRONG ! She did catch two birds !

  3. ‘The Smurf didn’t catch two birds’ _______________________________________________________ RIGHT ! She only caught one bird!

  4. Potential objections _______________________________________________________ 1. Complexity 2. Focus

  5. ‘The Smurf didn’t catch two birds’ _______________________________________________________ WRONG ! She did catch two birds !

  6. ‘The Smurf didn’t catch two birds’ _______________________________________________________ RIGHT ! She only caught one bird!

  7. Potential objections _______________________________________________________ 1. Complexity 2. Focus 3. Reverse linear order

  8. Reverse linear order _______________________________________________________ English:S neg V O  Neg > Object Kannada:S O V Neg  Neg > Object

  9. Competing accounts _______________________________________________________  1. C-command 2. Complexity 3. Focus 4. Reverse linear order

  10. Two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug eraDu moSaLe tigiNe tinn-al-illa Two dinosaur bug eat-inf-neg ‘Two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug.’ Eliminating the competition Put QP in subject position

  11. Stories Two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug not > 2 = False not > 2 = True 2 > not = True 2 > not = False

  12. C-command? _______________________________________________________  Subject > Neg English IP SUBJECT I’ VP I Neg • VERB OBJECT

  13. C-command? _______________________________________________________  Subject > Neg Kannada IP SUBJECT I’ I VP Neg • OBJECT VERB

  14. Competing Accounts Predictions: two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug Analysis English Kannada c-command complexity focus reverse linear order S > neg S > neg

  15. Complexity? Two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug not > 2 = True 2 > not = True more complex = hard less complex = easy

  16. Competing Accounts Predictions: two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug Analysis English Kannada c-command complexity focus reverse linear order indefinites S >neg S > neg neg > S neg > S

  17. Focus? Two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug not > 2 = True 2 > not = True # of eaters ≠ 2: wrong! # of eaters ≠ 2: right!

  18. Competing Accounts Predictions: two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug Analysis English Kannada c-command complexity focus reverse linear order S >neg S > neg neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S

  19. Reverse linear order? _______________________________________________________ English:Sneg V O  Subject > Neg Kannada:S O V Neg  Neg > Subject

  20. Competing Accounts Predictions: two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug Analysis English Kannada c-command complexity focus reverse linear order S >neg S > neg neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S S > neg

  21. Competing Accounts eraDu moSaLe tigiNe tinn-al-illa Two dinosaur bug eat-inf-neg ‘Two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug.’ 2 X 2 between subject: Language: Kannada(n= 24) / English (n=24) Condition: S > neg / neg > S

  22. Competing Accounts Predictions: two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug Analysis English Kannada c-command complexity focus reverse linear order indefinites S > neg S > neg neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S S > neg neg > S neg > S

  23. Kannada Results (4-year-olds)

  24. English Results (4-year-olds)

  25. Competing Accounts Results: two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug Analysis English Kannada c-command complexity focus reverse linear order indefinites S >neg S > neg neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S S > neg neg > S neg > S

  26. Competing Accounts Results: two dinosaurs didn’t eat a bug Analysis English Kannada c-command complexity focus reverse linear order indefinites S > neg S > neg neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S neg > S S > neg neg > S neg > S

  27. Conclusions _______________________________________________________ Isomorphism effect is due to hierarchical syntactic structure Children use the syntactic relation of c-command to compute scope interpretations Continuous model of linguistic representations is only viable explanation of children’s interpretations in this domain

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