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What is Intelligence?

What is Intelligence?. “It is a mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences.”. Measuring Intelligence:. IQ was invented Ratio IQ Deviation IQ. General & Specific Abilities:.

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What is Intelligence?

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  1. What is Intelligence? • “It is a mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences.”

  2. Measuring Intelligence: • IQ was invented • Ratio IQ • Deviation IQ

  3. General & Specific Abilities: • Factor Analysis: a statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors. • Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence: every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s).

  4. Middle-Level Abilities: • Bottom-Down: • Fluid Intelligence: the ability to process information. • Crystallized Intelligence: the accuracy and amount of information available for processing. • Top-Down: • Prodigies: people of normal intelligence who have an extraordinary ability. • Savants: people of low intelligence who have an extraordinary ability.

  5. Intelligence & Genes: • Identical Twins (monozygotic): Twins who share an identical genetic code and develop from the splitting of a single egg, fertilized by a single sperm. • Fraternal Twins (dizygotic): Different genetic code and develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm. • Heritability Coefficient: A statistic (h squared) that describes the proportion of the difference between people’s scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup.

  6. Intelligence & Groups: • Intelligence can depend on one’s group, as well. Such as a physicist is generally considered more intelligent than a cashier. • IQ tests: Asians routinely outscore Whites, who routinely outscore Latinos, who routinely outscore Blacks. • Men generally outscore women in abstract mathematical and scientific domains. However, women outperform men on semantic information, production and comprehension of complex prose and fine motor skills. • Even if testing questions aren’t unbiased, testing situations could be. When students are told to place their race or gender on the test, they generally either do well or bad depending on their answer. African-Americans test generally worst and Asians score better because of the biases associated with their race. And Asian women will score worse if asked their gender, but better if only asked their ethnicity.

  7. Changing Intelligence: • Relative Intelligence: something that is likely to be stable over time and those who are most intelligent at age 11 are likely to be most intelligent at age 80. • Absolute Intelligence: typically changes over the course of his/her lifetime. • Flynn Effect: discovered accidentally by James Flynn. That the IQ test scores have been rising by .3% every year. Which means the average person scores 15 IQ points higher than the average person 50 years ago.

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