Perspectives of Science and Engineering Education and Research in Korea

1. Perspectives of Science and Engineering Education and Research in Korea Min-Koo HAN Dean, College of Engineering. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea mkh@snu.ac.kr

2. Earth at Night

3. Crisis of Science and Engineering Education in Korea • Rapid Decrease of Applicants • Degradation of Students’ Quality • Retaining and Sustaining Students and Graduates • Poor Reputation Among Clients (Industry) • Mismatch between Supply and Demand • Emerging Technology (NT, BT, Fusion) • General Education Issue • Teaching Skills Issue Problem • Reformation of University

4. Issues of Science and Engineering Research in Korea • Rapid Increase of SCI PAPER • Rapid Increase of National R&D Funding (6 Billion Dollars. More than 5% of National Budget) • Effective of National R&D ? • Can National R&D improve declining economy • Poor Reputation for Industry • Research for Research ? • Demand vs. Supply • National Lab. Industry and University • Basic vs. Practical

5. What do we know? • Declining Interests in Science and Technology Major in Korea • Generally a global syndrome • Fueled by rapidly changing life style, culture and economy • Unstable and uncertain social and economic prospects : Science and technology jobs less appealing than before

6. What do we know? • Declining Interests in Science and Technology Major in Korea : Some causes • Traditional manufacturing technology : • Maturing, automated, little innovation expected, basis moving to China – less jobs • Working at plants : not favored, poor prospects for promotion • Research and Development : • Long training/education years • Relatively low financial compensation • Lack of long-term job security Unique “Societal” Problem

7. What do we know --- more? • The problem is obviously not “Quantity” but “Quality” • Engineering graduates per year* • Korea - 67,756 • US - 65,113 • France, Germany and England – 30,000 • What have we done? • What have we done for education to help Korea move from “manufacturing” driven country to “high technology” driven country? • Has the education reform dealt with other than the private education or ….? *http://www.chosun.com 5.12.2004 (Korean Educational Development Institute and OECD)

8. Area 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Liberal Arts 393,295 (47.8%) 428,064 (48.3%) 426,423 (49.1%) 466,423 (52.1%) 481,027 (55.2%) 416,700 (56.4%) Science 356,560 (43.2%) 375,023 (42.4%) 346,736 (39.9%) 310,105 (34.6%) 256,608 (29.4%) 198,963 (26.9%) Art 74,519 (9.0%) 82,234 (9.3%) 85,484 (11.0%) 119,366 (13.3%) 134,662 (15.4%) 123,466 (16.7%) Total 824,374 885,321 868.643 896,122 872,297 739,129 Number of Applicants in National College Entrance Examination (SAT) (1999-2004)

9. Number of students 600000 LIBERAL ART 500000 400000 SCIENCE 300000 200000 ART 100000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Trends of National College Entrance Examination

10. NCEE SCORE

11. Percentile of College Graduates *OECD(2001), Education at a Glance *3 = 4+5+6

12. Number of College Graduates in Korea

13. Trends of University Education in 21st Century • Transnational education • Tertiary education • Campusless education • Request for shift of paradigms in higher education in the knowledge based, globalized and informationalized society • Stronger emphasis on research oriented universities (The Future of the Research Univ. in an age of Knowledge/Duderstadt) (BK-21 project) • World class comprehensive research university

14. Requirements for Future Engineers • Proposed by Motorola • Knowing how to learn • Listening & speaking well • Creative thinking & problem solving • Interpersonal relationships & teaming • Self-esteem & motivation • Organizational effectiveness & leadership

15. The Royal Academy of Engineering • Anticipated changes to career pattern over next 20 years • More flexible work patterns • More competition for jobs & career advancement • Less job security • A need for continuous learning & career development • More use of information technology • Greater need for management & teamwork skill

16. The Royal Academy of Engineering • Anticipated Graduates Who Show Qualities of • Vision • Leadership,self-reliance & flexibility • Initiative & innovation • Communication skill • Foreign language skills • Ability to work in a team • Understanding of ability to quantify risk

17. Criteria for Best Universities in Asia Accreditation Boards • ABET(Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology) • Established in 1932 • Chairman, 4 full-time council members, 105 committee members(50 from 21 Engineering academic societies, 38 from universities, 17 from industry, government and private practices) • Accreditation for respective engineering educational programs) • 1930~1970 Emphasis on Science • 1970~1980 Emphasis on Engineering Education • 1980~1996 Emphasis on Experiments and Practice • 1999~ Emphasis on professional soft skill

18. Accreditation Boards Accreditation Boards • ABET 2000 criteria • An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering • An ability to implement analysis, experiment and design • An ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams • An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility • An ability to communicate effectively • A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning • The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solution in the global and social context

19. Dreams and Aspirations • Why did you choose mechanical/aerospace engineering? • Interested in playing with mechanical devices • Interested in automobiles and airplanes • Interested in space • Good in mathematics • Good in physics • What do you want to be? • Chief engineer

20. Middle-Age Realization • Lower-than-expected financial reward • Little training in business and management • Difficulty in belong flexible technically • Lack of system training

21. Key Ingredients • Excitement of discovery and innovation • Interest in science and engineering • Rich curricula • Integration of science and engineering • Integration of IT • Leadership and management • Opportunity to lead fulfilling lives

22. Cone of Learning • We tend to remember : • 10% of what we read • 20% of what we hear • 30% of what we see • 50% of what we hear and see • 70% of what we say • 90% of what we say and do

23. Definition of Research University Universities by Carnegie Foundation • Criteria for the Classification of † Offer Full Range Baccalaureate Programs * Emphasis on Graduate Education and Research

24. Definition of Research University Definition of Research University • Statistics by Carnegie Classification

25. Research Oriented Present (Simple-Layered) Ability of Techno-Socio Approach (Economy, Management, Law, Environment) Ability of Implementing Engineering Technology (Design, Development, Innovation) Industry Oriented Society Oriented Human Behavior (Vision, Ethics, Fairness, team-work) Ability of Planning&Implementation (Insight, Decision Ability, Leadership) Types of Universities and Required Quality of Students

26. Industry Society Advanced Major Major General Attainment Studies Fundamental Major GeneralEducation Advanced Major Major General Attainment Studies Fundamental Major GeneralEducation (b) - Structure (a) Simple-Layered Structure New Educational Structures

27. Link with Academic Circle Innovative Educational System Link with Industrial circle Link with Society Circles Educational Environments Educational Program Coalition between Dept. and Colleges Creation of a New Educational Culture

28. What should we do together? • Cultivate a national consensus on the importance of science and technology as a core of the growth engine for Korea’s economy • Develop an adequate educational system to provide the needed quality for life-long growth of intellectual ability

29. Computer Science Mathematics Physics Structured Fluid Electrical Engineering Materials Science Ceramics Polymers Microelectronics MEMS Chemical Engineering Transportation Energy Mechanical Engineering Chemistry Applied Chemistry Biochemical Biomedical Environmental Applications Biology Civil Engineering Long Term Solution : Education • Understanding of Paradigm Shift in Sci. and Eng. • The future society will be driven by advanced but short life-cycle technologies • Extremely interdisciplinary nature of science and engineering

30. Long Term Solution ---Issues? • Science and engineering education that has been focused on contemporary technologies can be detrimental. • The students will not be able to adapt themselves to rapid technical changes or paradigm shift in their career. • They tend to limit their career to their entry level positions. Lack of Confidence and insecure feeling towards development of dynamic career path

31. Long Term Solution • Long-Term Solution • Academic smart? • Creative smart? • Street smart? • Balanced Education : Not just aimed at breeding scientists and engineers but instilling youths to develop logical and scientific thinking and learning skills

32. Key Requirements for Balanced Education Intellectual Ability Attitude Communication Skills

33. Balanced Education…What to be emphasized? • Solid basis in basic science/engineering principles together with opportunities of continuing education is a key to a life-long success in one’s technical profession • Will enable one to continue to develop new core technology and contribute to value creation • Skills required to be able to develop a dynamic career • Learn learning skills • Be strong in basics • Learn social/communication skills • Have right attitude • Globalize in thinking and behaving