DURABLE SOLUTIONS FRAMEWORK LOCAL INTEGRATION FOCUS: ETHIOPIA

1. DURABLE SOLUTIONS FRAMEWORK LOCAL INTEGRATION FOCUS: ETHIOPIA Gaps and opportunities to inform local integration planning and programming in light of the Nine Pledges undertaken by the Ethiopian Government in November 2016 Report Presentation

2. CONTENT • Introduction to the ReDSS Solutions Framework • Methodology • Solutions Analysis • Physical Safety • Material Safety • Legal Safety • Recommendations

3. INDICATORS SOLUTIONS FRAMEWORK ReDSS Solutions Framework to measure progress towards integration • A rapid analytical tool to assess to what extent durable solutions have been achieved in a particular context • Inclusive/ participatory process/ consensus building • Multi actors and sectors • Operationalization of IASC framework and its 8 criteria • 31 IASC indicators organized around physical, material and legal safety • Comparison to host communities • Traffic light system

4. Green: DS can be achieved Orange: Benchmark for DS has not been met Red: Benchmark are far from being met White: Data missing REDSS FRAMEWORK : HOW DOES IT WORK? The objective is to improve and standardize the generation and availability of relevant data and analysis to better and more consistently operationalize joint response plans based on evidence in the search of durable solution in East Africa.

5. Core elements to inform Solutions planning and programing Creating durable solutions requires a multi- stakeholder and sectoral, rights and needs based programming approach The process must be viewed as a collective action rather than mandate driven based on an inclusive, participatory and consensus building approach The GoE, regional administrations and local authorities have the primary responsibility and they need to be supported to be able to play a leadership and coordinating role Developing area based Solutions analysis (localization of aid) is paramount due to limited absorption capacity, prevailing protection concerns, etc. Community engagement is critical to inform integration analysis and programing to make solutions lasting, locally relevant and supportive of social cohesion and to adopt a ‘displacement affected communities’ approach- inclusive of refugees, IDPs and host communities Involve development actors from the start to inform medium to long term sectorial priorities complementing humanitarian interventions

6. OBJECTIVES FOR THE ETHIOPIA LOCAL INTEGRATION ANALYSIS The Ethiopia Solutions Analysis will support and inform the implementation of 1 of the 9 Ethiopia’s pledges that focuses on local integration for refugees who have lived in Ethiopia for 20 years or more through aSolutions Analysis with a focus on local integration, supported by a rapid Political Economy Analysis.

7. METHODOLOGY

8. The solutions framework: a collaborative process

9. KEY CHALLENGES First, there are important gaps in data quality and granularity. Information available for many of the indicators is largely qualitative. Specifically, quantitative data comparing on the host community within 10 km of refugees camp is largely unavailable, as well as disaggregated data (gender, age). Second, accessing certain actors in Ethiopia is challenging. While ARRA has been supportive of fieldwork for this project and willing to speak to Samuel Hall at the local level, Addis-based high officials have not answered requests for interview. As ARRA is the sole actor responsible for refugee affairs in Ethiopia, other federal actors are reluctant to engage with external partners on this sector. Despite multiple requests for interview, the research team was unable to reach the key informant interviews’ targets for federal actors. Lack of awareness of refugee issues and recent news articles on industrial companies in Ethiopia made many private sector actors reluctant to meet with independent researchers.

10. BACKGROUND Ethiopia is at a positive turning point regarding the improvement of rights and service delivery to refugees. Following the New York Leaders’ Summit held in September 2016, Ethiopia made nine pledges to relax its reservations to the Refugee Convention and encampment practices. This study focuses on the pledge that will allow for local integration for refugees in a protracted situation who have lived in Ethiopia for 20 years or more, to benefit at least 13 000 refugees in camps identified by ARRA. ARRA, with UNHCR’s support, have drafted an update to the 2004 Refugee Proclamation.

11. BACKGROUND Following the Nine Pledges, stakeholders at all levels of the decision-making process have launched processes to improve coordination: Donors have set up an informal group to discuss a roadmap to long-term solutions, supported by a recent review of integrated programs at the woreda level. Humanitarian and development actors are discussing systematic and sustainable interventions through the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF). Regionally, IGAD Member States (including Ethiopia) have adopted the Comprehensive Plan of Action at the 2017 IGAD Summit on durable solutions for Somalia refugees in the region.

12. FINDINGS | PHYSICAL SAFETY Protection, safety and security SOCIAL COHESION Tensions between host and refugee communities over resources like water and destruction of land were confirmed in this research. In Pugnido, layers of tensions between Nuer refugees and Anuak HCs led to feelings of disenfranchisement and stigmatisation on both sides. Somali refugees in Kebribeyah camp said they felt stigmatised but reported instances of trade and marriage between refugees and host communities. • While refugees are obliged to live in camps, South Sudanese refugees in Gambela reported more movements between camps and host community for social, personal, health and education reasons. • The research highlighted accounts of killings related to local conflict driven by ethnic or resource tensions on both sides, as well as reports of harmful traditional practices for women, including SGBV and female genital mutilation (FGM). The “integrated approach”, that aims to provide services to both refugees and host communities through a mix of humanitarian and development activities, has gained momentum in the Ethiopian context. Including both refugees and host communities in service delivery is an entry point for improvement of safety and social cohesion. Further studies must be conducted to shed light on the layers that fuel tensions between host communities and refugees (ethnic imbalances, tensions over resources, clan conflict etc.). Social cohesion is key to achieve durable solutions processes: aid agencies should ensure that interventions do not fuel local tensions.

13. FINDINGS | MATERIAL SAFETY ACCESS TO LIVELIHOODS/ JOB CREATION AND INCOME GENERATION • Refugees in Ethiopia are not allowed to work. They rely for survival on: food and cash assistance in camps, remittances, informal trade in nearby markets, and work as incentive workers by NGOs in camps. • Opportunities for self-reliance are limited: profits from micro-businesses and salaries from incentive work positions in NGOs remain low due to legal restrictions. Pledges suggest that the right to work will be granted to a number of refugees in Ethiopia. However, given high levels of unemployment in Ethiopia and past dependencies of refugees that have led to low skill levels, donors and implementing partners should focus on training and livelihood programming in line with local markets.

14. FINDINGS | MATERIAL SAFETY ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING/ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES • International and national standards (health, education and water) are not being met, but the challenges are shared by refugees and host communities across the regions in which camps are located. • Education and health sectors are characterized by deficits in infrastructure, equipment and staffing. Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) is the largest social protection programme in Africa and a key driver of poverty reduction. Refugees however are not beneficiaries of this programme – advocacy should focus on the inclusion of refugees in the PSNP. Joint service delivery for both refugees and host communities require improved coordination between ARRA and line ministries locally. One tool that will support coordination is the inclusion of refugees on the 2017 national census, led by the Central Statistical Agency with support from the UNFPA. The census is a key tool of programming in Ethiopia – integrating refugees will help raising awareness at the woreda level, who rely on census data.

15. FINDINGS | LEGAL SAFETY HOUSING, LAND AND PROPERTY • Housing standards are low for both host communities and refugees. • The state owns all of the land in Ethiopia – which means it is not subject to sale or other means of exchange. • Refugees are excluded from land tenancy in Ethiopia and can therefore not claim any HLP. There is no evidence that the right to HLP for households and individual refugees will be included in the local integration pledge. However, progress is underway to make irrigable land available to both refugees and host communities to engage in crop production. Former integrated agricultural projects have been funded by Ikea in Dollo Ado, Somali region.

16. FINDINGS | LEGAL SAFETY ACCESS TO EFFECTIVE REMEDIES AND JUSTICE • Refugees can access justice through a referral system led by ARRA in camps. • There is also an internal justice system, under ARRA, and led by the Refugee Central Committee and zonal leaders. These are often used only once traditional mechanisms have been exhausted. • Both Somali and South Sudanese refugees, as well as host communities reported traditional justice mechanisms in the community as the first level of access and the courts only for bigger cases. • . According to the 2009 Proclamation for the Registration and Regulation of Charities and Societies only NGOs that receive at least 90 percent of their funding from domestic sources are allowed to work on the promotion of conflict resolution or reconciliation; and the promotion of the efficiency of the justice and law enforcement services

17. FINDINGS | LEGAL SAFETY PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS ACCESS TO DOCUMENTATION AND FAMILY REUNIFICATION • The Government of Ethiopia has established the Federal Vital Events Registration Agency (VERA) in 2016. Refugees are allowed to request birth certificates under VERA. • Although family reunification mechanisms exist, they are characterised by backlog and are not well-understood by refugees themselves. • . • Refugees in Ethiopia are not allowed to vote, be elected, and work. • The Refugee Central Committee (RCC) has a strong relationship with ARRA, although refugees themselves feel that do not have much of a say in refugee policy. Humanitarian and development partners should consider systematically including a social cohesion component to programming, while ensuring that mechanisms of tensions are well-understood through in-depth conflict analysis. Information on VERA should be shared widely in the camps and at centers for urban refugees

18. SOLUTIONS FRAMEWORK LOCAL INTEGRATION IN ETHIOPIA Refugees who have lived over twenty years in Ethiopia – Gambela Level Safety and Security Protection Social Cohesion Percentage of refugees feeling safe in their current place of residence compared to local population Percentage of refugees feeling they are accepted in the community where they live compared to resident population Percentage of refugees who have suffered violent crimes or experienced safety incidents, including sexual and gender-based violence in the last 6 months compared to resident population Percentage of refugees who do not face any form of stigmatization (verbal violence, insults, exclusion, etc.) in their current place of residence, compared to local population Percentage of refugees who do not face more discriminatory or arbitrary restriction of their freedom of movement based on their displacement status compared to resident population Percentage of refugees who have adequate access to police and judiciary, when needed, compared to the resident population PHYSICAL SAFETY Adequate Standard of Living (Access to basic and social services) Percentage of refugees with food consumption comparable to local population and as per international/national standards Prevalence of GAM/SAM among refugees compared to resident population and as per national/international standards Percentage of refugees with adequate access to potable water, sanitation and hygiene compared to local population and above international/national standards Percentage of refugee children with adequate access to formal education compared to resident population or national average as appropriate Percentage of refugees with adequate access to health care compared to resident population or national average as appropriate Percentage of refugees who have adequate access to safety net interventions or receive remittances from abroad compared to local residents with comparable needs Access to Livelihoods (Job creation and income generation) MATERIAL SAFETY Percentage of refugees who face legal or administrative obstacles to employment or economic activity compared to resident population Unemployment among refugees compared to the resident population, the situation before displacement or the national average, as appropriate Poverty levels among refugees compared to the resident population, the situation before displacement or the national average, as appropriate Percentage of refugees who have access to sustainable employment conditions compared to local residents Participation in public affairs Housing, Land & Property Percentage of refugees who have secured the right to housing, land and property (with documents to prove ownership/tenancy) compared to resident population Percentage of refugees with adequate housing (not overcrowded housing/shelter and/or precarious structure and/or at risk of sudden eviction) in comparison to the resident population Existence of effective and accessible mechanisms to ensure access to land and/or secure tenure Percentage of refugees with lost HLP who have had their claims resolved, compared to the resident population Access to Effective Remedies & Justice Participation in public affairs Percentage of refugees who accessed formal or informal/traditional justice mechanisms last time they needed it, compared to local population Percentage of refugees involved in public decision making processes, or local reconciliation/confidence-building initiatives (e.g. local peace committees, public debates, fora, cross-community activities and others) compared to resident population Percentage of refugees participating in community or social organizations (youth / women / environmental / sports groups and others) compared to the resident population Percentage of refugees who consider that violations suffered have been effectively remedied and a sense of justice restored, compared to local population Existence of accessible mechanisms that have the legal mandate and actual capacity to provide refugees with effective remedies for violations suffered Refugees face no legal or administrative obstacles that prevent them from voting, being elected or working in public service compared with resident population LEGAL SAFETY Access to Documentation All indicators refer to the attainment of benchmarks for a refugee / returnee in comparison to the host community The indicator is well on the way to being achieved Some obstacles exist and the indicator has not been fully met The indicator is far from met Data unavailable Incomplete data exists Percentage of refugees without birth certificates, national ID cards or other personal documents relevant to the local context compared to resident population or national average, as appropriate Existence and effective accessibility of mechanisms to obtain/replace documents for refugees bearing in mind the local context Family Reunification The number of unaccompanied and separated refugee children for whom a best interest determination is needed but has not been conducted Accessible and efficient mechanisms have been put in place to reunite refugee separated family members The number of refugee children or other dependent persons who have not yet been reunited with their families relative to total displaced population size The Regional Durable Solutions Secretariat (ReDSS) operationalized the IASC Framework for Durable Solutions for IDPs to develop the ReDSS Solutions framework for displacement affected communities. It comprises the 8 IASC criteria using 31 IASC indicators organized around physical, material and legal safety to measure durable solutions achievements in a particular context. The framework analysis serves as an evidence base to enable relevant stakeholders to work more effectively and consistently in the search and realization of durable solutions. This info graphic offers a snapshot in time to assess to what extent local integration conditions for refugees in situations of protracted displacement have been achieved.

19. SOLUTIONS FRAMEWORK LOCAL INTEGRATION IN ETHIOPIA Refugees who have lived over twenty years in Ethiopia – Somali Level Safety and Security Protection Social Cohesion Percentage of refugees feeling safe in their current place of residence compared to local population Percentage of refugees who have suffered violent crimes or experienced safety incidents, including sexual and gender-based violence in the last 6 months compared to resident population Percentage of refugees who do not face more discriminatory or arbitrary restriction of their freedom of movement based on their displacement status compared to resident population Percentage of refugees who do not face any form of stigmatization (verbal violence, insults, exclusion, etc.) in their current place of residence, compared to local population Percentage of refugees feeling they are accepted in the community where they live compared to resident population Percentage of refugees who have adequate access to police and judiciary, when needed, compared to the resident population PHYSICAL SAFETY Adequate Standard of Living (Access to basic and social services) Percentage of refugees with food consumption comparable to local population and as per international/national standards Prevalence of GAM/SAM among refugees compared to resident population and as per national/international standards Percentage of refugees with adequate access to potable water, sanitation and hygiene compared to local population and above international/national standards Percentage of refugee children with adequate access to formal education compared to resident population or national average as appropriate Percentage of refugees with adequate access to health care compared to resident population or national average as appropriate Percentage of refugees who have adequate access to safety net interventions or receive remittances from abroad compared to local residents with comparable needs Access to Livelihoods (Job creation and income generation) MATERIAL SAFETY Percentage of refugees who face legal or administrative obstacles to employment or economic activity compared to resident population Unemployment among refugees compared to the resident population, the situation before displacement or the national average, as appropriate Poverty levels among refugees compared to the resident population, the situation before displacement or the national average, as appropriate Percentage of refugees who have access to sustainable employment conditions compared to local residents Participation in public affairs Housing, Land & Property Percentage of refugees who have secured the right to housing, land and property (with documents to prove ownership/tenancy) compared to resident population Percentage of NTs with adequate housing (not overcrowded housing/shelter and/or precarious structure and/or at risk of sudden eviction) in comparison to the resident population Existence of effective and accessible mechanisms to ensure access to land and/or secure tenure Percentage of refugees with lost HLP who have had their claims resolved, compared to the resident population Access to Effective Remedies & Justice Participation in public affairs Percentage of refugees who accessed formal or informal/traditional justice mechanisms last time they needed it, compared to local population Percentage of refugees involved in public decision making processes, or local reconciliation/confidence-building initiatives (e.g. local peace committees, public debates, fora, cross-community activities and others) compared to resident population Percentage of refugees participating in community or social organizations (youth / women / environmental / sports groups and others) compared to the resident population Percentage of refugees who consider that violations suffered have been effectively remedied and a sense of justice restored, compared to local population Existence of accessible mechanisms that have the legal mandate and actual capacity to provide refugees with effective remedies for violations suffered Refugees face no legal or administrative obstacles that prevent them from voting, being elected or working in public service compared with resident population LEGAL SAFETY Access to Documentation All indicators refer to the attainment of benchmarks for a refugee / returnee in comparison to the host community The indicator is well on the way to being achieved Some obstacles exist and the indicator has not been fully met The indicator is far from met Data unavailable Incomplete data exists Percentage of refugees without birth certificates, national ID cards or other personal documents relevant to the local context compared to resident population or national average, as appropriate Existence and effective accessibility of mechanisms to obtain/replace documents for refugees bearing in mind the local context Family Reunification The number of unaccompanied and separated refugee children for whom a best interest determination is needed but has not been conducted Accessible and efficient mechanisms have been put in place to reunite refugee separated family members The number of refugee children or other dependent persons who have not yet been reunited with their families relative to total displaced population size The Regional Durable Solutions Secretariat (ReDSS) operationalized the IASC Framework for Durable Solutions for IDPs to develop the ReDSS Solutions framework for displacement affected communities. It comprises the 8 IASC criteria using 31 IASC indicators organized around physical, material and legal safety to measure durable solutions achievements in a particular context. The framework analysis serves as an evidence base to enable relevant stakeholders to work more effectively and consistently in the search and realization of durable solutions. This info graphic offers a snapshot in time to assess to what extent local integration conditions for refugees in situations of protracted displacement have been achieved.

20. Solving the legal obstacles to Durable Solutions • The Ethiopian government should clarify what the path to ‘local integration’ for refugees who have been living in Ethiopia for the last 20 years entails and how it will be supported by regulation in terms of access to work, freedom of movement, and access to land-leasing. • The Government of Ethiopia should granting free work permits to eligible refugees and to Out-of-Camp beneficiaries, as a first step to addressing other basic rights. • Mainstreaming displacement in national development plans: Two entry points • Integration of refugees in Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), under the condition that there is no decrease in the number of Ethiopian beneficiaries to avoid social tensions. • Ensuring that national actors – beyond ARRA, including technical ministries – integrate durable solutions and local integration in their national development plans. RECOMMENDATIONSPOLICY LEVEL. Improving coordination and stakeholder alignment through an inclusive and locally integrated approach

21. TheCRRF approach opens up opportunities to improve coordination and stakeholder alignment. • Ensure that humanitarian and development actors are both involved in the integrated approach by including another UN Agency as a chair to balance between UNHCR/ARRA and MOFEC • Shift the content of the sub-group from technical to regional sub-groups to ensure effective trickle-down to the implementers at the field level • Duplication and stakeholders’ fatigue was highlighted as a key concern in validation workshops. CRRF actors should explore synergies with existing platforms at the local level to ensure that CRRF mechanisms are hosted under existing structures. • Beyond the CRFF: • Development actors, including IGAD and DRDIP teams, should be invited to RINGO and CRRF-related events and committees. • Civil society organisations should consider hiring a common focal point to attend all relevant meetings and report back to national and local teams to ease “stakeholders’ fatigue”. • Development and humanitarian actors should agree on a core set of indicators to encourage systematic data sharing. ReDSS indicators can constitute the basis upon which to develop the indicators for both refugees and host communities. • IGAD can be the single point of collection of both non-confidential humanitarian and development data through focal points in each organisation involved in integrated programming in Ethiopia. This database should be accessible to all actors and updated monthly. RECOMMENDATIONSPOLICY LEVEL. Improving coordination and stakeholder alignment through an inclusive and locally integrated approach

22. Building and further developing the capacity of national and local actors • A mapping of non-traditional actors – within the government and outside of the government – is necessary to address capacity issues that limit the feasibility of local integration. • A pilot programme: Building the capacity of Line Ministries on Durable Solutions • Line ministries’ capacity on solutions programming and needs of refugee communities requires further support to ensure an integrated local integration effort in the country RECOMMENDATIONSPOLICY LEVEL. Improving coordination and stakeholder alignment through an inclusive and locally integrated approach

23. Inclusion of refugees in local markets • The Government of Ethiopia should apply an equal opportunity policy that provides refugees with access to education, training, employment by lifting the restrictions on the issuing of work permits to refugees and facilitating access to the labour market by supporting the recognition of refugees’ qualifications. • Donors should fund special training schemes that would enable refugees to adapt their knowledge and acquire new skills relevant to Ethiopia’s economy (including Industrial Parks) while increasing financial and technical support to refugee NGOs, business ventures and employers that provide livelihoods and income generation activities in both refugee and host communities. • The aim should be the inclusion in local markets through a value-chain approach that is based on evidence on both the supply and demand of consumers and employers. • Inclusion of displacement-affected communities in programming • Including displacement-affected communities in project planning, implementation and monitoring is crucial in the search for durable solutions. Partners can learn from the Community Demand Driven (CDD) model of engaging with communities currently implemented through the DRDIP project RECOMMENDATIONSPROGRAMMING LEVEL. Adopting a multi sectorial rights and needs based approach to programming for Durable Solutions

24. Information and Communication about the Government’s new direction and multi-year projects • It is important that the vision and mission of the government vis-à-vis the Nine Pledges and its roadmap for the local integration agenda be communicated to all stakeholders clearly. • Multi-year projects like DRDRIP and RDPP must regularly keep other stakeholders informed about the developments and relevance of approaches to the durable solutions objectives though learning events. • Ensuring that evidence and research inform engagement and interventions • Integrating academia, think tanks and the private sector to develop and implement innovative solutions along with the traditional actors on solutions for refugees in the country. • Using existing tools and frameworks. The ReDSS solutions framework provides for a report card of indicators that inform stakeholders of solutions progress. RecommendationsINFORMATION, RESEARCH AND LEARNING

25. Further research should include: • ‘Private Sector for Local Integration’ Mapping • A deep-dive research into the contributions of multi-year large scale projects like DRDIP and RDPP • Needs assessment of technical ministries increasingly engaged in local integration and durable solutions programming • Further studies can be undertaken for every indicator that scored white or dotted white in the ReDSS framework. RecommendationsINFORMATION, RESEARCH AND LEARNING