Syntax

1. Syntax

2. Sentence Patterns • Phrases • Main clauses • Subordinate clauses

3. Sentence patterns • Declarative sentence • Imperative sentence • Exclamatory sentence • Interrogative sentence

4. Sentence Structures • Simple sentence • Compound sentence • Complex sentence • Compound-complex sentence

5. Sentence patterns • Periodic • Loose • Parallel structure • Shift in word order • Interruptions (parentheticals, direct address, apostrophes, exclamations, quotations)

6. Rip Van Winkle passage • “In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Kaatskill Mountains. He was after his favorite sport squirrel shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and re-echoed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowded the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees, he could overlook all the lower country for many a mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but lagging bark, her and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.”

7. Sentence length • Telegraphic • Short • Medium • Long • involved

8. Sentence patterns • Repetition • Rhetorical • Chiasmus • antithesis • Polysyndeton • Asyndeton • Anaphora • Epistrophe • Zeugma

9. Charlotte's Web • “Next morning when the first light came into the sky and the sparrows stirred in the trees, when the cows rattled their chains and the rooster crowed and the early automobiles went whispering along the road, Wilbur awoke and looked for Charlotte.”

10. Tom Sawyer • “To his left, back of the rows of citizens, was a spacious temporary platform upon which were seated the scholars who were to take part in the exercises of the evening; rows of small boys, washed and dressed to an intolerable state of discomfort; rows of gawky big boys,; snow banks of girls and young ladies clad in linen and muslin and conspicuously conscious of their bare arms, their grandmothers’ ancient trinkets, their bits of pink and blue ribbon and the flowers in their hair. All the rest of the house was filled with non-participating scholars

11. 1,000 Splendid Suns • Nana said, “Learn this and learn it well, my daughter: Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. Always. You remember that, Mariam.” (7)

12. The Road • “In his dream she was sick and he cared for her. The dream bore the look of sacrifice but he thought differently. He did not take care of her and she died alone somewhere in the dark and there is no other dream nor other waking world and there is no other tale to tell.”

13. Johnny Got His Gun • No legs. • No more running crawling walking if you have no legs. No more working. • No legs you see. • Never again to wiggle your toes. • What a hell of a thing what a wonderful beautiful thing to wiggle your toes. • No no.

14. The Road • Take me with you, the boy said. He looked as if he was going to cry. • No. I want you to wait here. • Please, Papa. • Stop it. I want you to do what I say. Take the gun. • I don’t want the gun. • I didnt ask you if you wanted it. Take it.

15. House on Mango“Four Skinny Trees” • When I am too sad and too skinny to keep keeping, when I am a tiny thing against so many bricks, then it is I look at trees. When there is nothing left to lo9ok at on this street. Four who grew despite concrete. Four who reach an ddo not forget to reach. Four whose only reason is to be and be.

16. The Things They Carried • But Ted Lavender, who was scared, carried 34 rounds when he was shot and killed outside Than Khe, and he went down under an exceptional burden, more than 20 pounds of ammunition, plus the flak jacket and helmet and rations and water and toilet paper and tranquilizers and all the rest, plus the unweighed fear. He was dead weight.