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GASCAP

GASCAP. From Richard Fulkerson’s’ “General Strategies of Argument”. Six Major Argumentation Strategies ( GASCAP ). Generalization Analogy Sign Cause Authority Principle. Argument from a Generalization.

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GASCAP

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  1. GASCAP From Richard Fulkerson’s’ “General Strategies of Argument”

  2. Six Major Argumentation Strategies (GASCAP) • Generalization • Analogy • Sign • Cause • Authority • Principle

  3. Argument from a Generalization • This type of argument is based on a generalization of the world. The writer takes a sample of an event or population, and uses those results to say that they represent the entire population. • Think of polling • The strength of an argument from generalization relies on having a defensible sample to begin with • Example: Because twelve of the writers in our class expressed a confidence in their writing, this is a class of strong writers.

  4. Argument from Analogy • This type of argument is based on a comparison. If two things are similar in one way, they must be similar in other ways. • The strength of this argument relies on the relevance of the similarities, and how well the writer presents those similarities. • Example: If a little guy at school was being picked on by bullies, it would take a good man to intervene and put the bullies in their place. Similarly, the U.S. has a responsibility to be the good man, and defend Israel from Islamic extremism in the Middle East.

  5. Argument from Sign • This type of argument is based on indication. Several signs may lead the writer to a conclusion of some sort. • The strength of this argument depends on the relationship between the signs and the conclusion. • Example: The fact that the quarterback is throwing the ball too quickly, he got hit hard in last week’s game, and he threw an interception already is an indication that he’s scared of getting hit, and should be pulled.

  6. Causal Argument • This type of argument is based on a comparison of observations. If two situations are alike in observable ways, they must be related. • The strength of this argument lies in its defensibility. Arguments can be particularly dangerous if the observations are made after the fact. (Using large craters to determine the big bang theory). • Example: With the rise in CO2 emissions, we have also seen a rise in global temperatures. This must mean that CO2 emissions are somehow causing global warming.

  7. Argument from Authority • This type of argument is based on a source, or sources. If a source is reputable in the field of discussion they must be right. • The strength of this argument lies in the ethos of the writer’s source, and in the ability to present multiple sources • Example: In 1400 nearly all scientific authorities agreed that the world was flat, therefore, it is. • Example: I’ve been to seven doctors and they all agree that I have bronchitis, so it must be true.

  8. Argument from Principle • This type of argument is based on common beliefs. A particular set of beliefs that most hold to be valuable justify an action. • The strength of this argument is based on the familiarity of the belief system to the audience, and how well the writer can assimilate to the belief system. • Example: Abraham Lincoln reminded the nation that Americans and the founding fathers believed that “all men are created equal”. Based on this principle belief, slavery should be abolished.

  9. Scenario: Melissa is writing an opinion piece for The Green Guide, an online magazine sponsored by National Geographic that specializes in eco-products and green living. She wants to use the opinion piece to discuss a new hybrid vehicle that was recently released onto the market. Melissa believes that this vehicle is not actually “eco-friendly” because it requires an abundance of non-renewable rare-earth metals to operate. Melissa wants to use the following points to demonstrate her opinion:

  10. The green movement has created a new wave of marketing that aims to pitch everything as green without considering the actual impact the product has on the environment. Melissa will review other products that show similar characteristics to the hybrid she is discussing. • Melissa has calculated the actual impact this car would have on the environment, if it were as popular as the Toyota Camry, which is one of the most popular gas-powered cars on the market today. Melissa will use the information to discuss the toll mass-production of this particular hybrid would have on the environment. • Melissa will discuss the findings of researchers at several universities who also determined that hybrids are not a feasible alternative in the long term due to the non-renewable resources needed to produce the machines.

  11. Using the GASCAP approach, what categories might Melissa’s different arguments fall under? • What do you think Melissa can determine about the audience of The Green Guide? • If you chose to write on this topic, in what order would you place these arguments in a research paper?

  12. Group Work (if time) • Groups of 2-3 assigned to each argument approach • Use the argument approached your group has chosen to argue for dismissal of class

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