Chapter 3 Section 1

1. Chapter 3 Section 1 Colonial Life (1607-1763)

2. The Southern Economy: The southern colonies developed around commercial farming. Cash Crop: Crops grown exclusively for market/sale. South will establish plantations throughout the region. Supply vs. Demand: In order to keep up with the demand for American cash crops, the plantations will need a labor force.

3. Labor Force: Indentured Servants: Poor unemployed tenant farmers willing to sell their labor for a chance to acquire land in America. Wealthy American colonists payed the cost of transportation and promised to provide food, shelter, and clothing for the indentured servants. Contracts usually lasted 4 to 7 years.

4. Southern Society: Distinct Social Classes emerged. Gentry/Planter Elite: Wealthy landowners at the top of society. They controlled the political/economical systems of the south. 1600’s: Plantations were relatively small. Planters worked alongside indentured servants. 1700’s: True Southern plantations were established. Planters switched to slave labor.

5. Planters would hire supervisors to oversee the slaves. Backcountry Farmers: Small farmers who worked the land and practiced subsistence farming (Only enough to feed their families). 1700’s: Planters were at the top of society followed by backcountry farmers, landless tenant farmers, servants, and African slaves.

6. Bacon’s Rebellion: Occurs in Virginia 1675-1676. Sir William Berkeley: Governor of VA who gave tax exemptions to supporters and restricted the right to vote (Only property owners voted). This angered the backcountry farmers who wanted the right to vote.

7. Two Areas of VA: • Tidewater: Area controlled by Planters (Plantations). Best available land. • Piedmont: Rolling hills between the Tidewater and the Appalachian Mountains. (Backcountry) • Planters had little interest in this territory. • Conflicts between the backcountry farmers and natives became common.

8. Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon: Wealthy planter who organizes a militia to attack natives. Governor Berkeley will authorize Bacon’s forces and will restore the right to vote to all free men (Bacon was popular). Bacon is not satisfied with the reforms.

9. 1676: Bacon along with armed followers marched to Jamestown and charged Berkeley with corruption. Berkeley fled and raised an army. September to October 1676: the 2 armies fought to control Jamestown. October: Bacon dies and the rebellion loses momentum.

10. Effects: Rebellion illustrated that the Planters needed to take into account the demands of backcountry farmers. 2 Changes: They needed land available to small farmers. Increases the trend of purchasing African slaves. * 1672: Royal African Company: Established by the English to give them some control of the African slave trade.

11. Slavery in the Colonies: As Southern colonies grew, a need for cheap efficient labor became a necessity. Historians estimate that between 10 to 12 million Africans were forcibly transported to the America’s between 1500 and 1870. Roughly 2 million Africans died on the voyage.

12. Triangular Trade: • System of slave trade. • 3 Stages: • Europe to Africa: European merchants exchanged goods for African slaves. Eventually becomes forced removal. • Africa to America: Middle Passage: Slaves were transported to the colonies and sold to plantation owners. • Voyage: Passengers were chained and cramped, minimal food and water, no sanitation, and those who died were thrown overboard. • America to Europe: Finished goods produced in the colonies were shipped to Europe and sold for profit.

14. Institution of Slavery: Early 1600’s: Slavery developed slowly. The 1st slaves were treated much like indentured servants. Changes in Role of slaves: 1638: MD. Became the 1st British colony to formally recognize slavery. 1660’s: VA and MD lowered the status of Africans and changed slavery into a hereditary system. All children born to African slaves were now owned by planters.

15. 1672: Royal African Company established. Early 1700’s: Southern states developed slave codes. Laws that regulated slavery and denied them certain rights. Slavery becomes an accepted institution within Southern Colonial life. Plantation Society established.

16. New England and the Middle Colonies Section 2

17. NE Economy: The geography of NE was unsuitable for large plantations. NE farmers practiced subsistence farming methods. Grand Banks: Shallow region in the Atlantic where many citizens fished. Fishing and Whaling were major industries in NE towns (Still is today).

18. Lumbering was also a major NE industry. Waterfalls provided power for sawmills and rivers provided easy transportation. Lumber was used for goods such as furniture, barrels, housing, a shipbuilding. NE Ships could be purchased for almost half the cost as English made ships.

19. Life In NE Towns: The “town” was the center of NE society. The establishment of town meetings became a big part of colonial life. Free men would meet and discuss local problems/issues. Selectmen: Individuals chosen to run the towns affairs. They were elected annually. NE settlers developed a strong belief that they had the right to govern themselves (Sets the stage for American Revolution).

20. Puritan Culture: NE followed a strict moral code. Puritan homes were located near the church (No excuse why they would miss). Puritans felt responsible for the moral welfare of their neighbors. Holy Watching: Religious duty of Puritans to make sure others followed the rules of daily life. Puritans acquired a reputation for being intolerant and rigidly moral.

21. Some drank rum (In moderation), enjoyed music, and wore brightly colored clothes which was an indication of wealth and social position. 1692: Salem Witch Trials: Based on the practice of Holy Watching. Accusations and executions in Salem over “practicing” witchcraft.

22. Trade and Rise of Cities: NE produced few products that the English wanted. England will limit manufacturing in the colonies (they wanted to protect their own interests). Most of NE’s products were sold in the Caribbean. NE merchants would receive a bill of exchange, which were credit slips . The credit slips were then exchanged for finished English goods.

23. Wealthy Northern merchants built factories to refine raw sugar and turn molasses into rum (Rum was a trade commodity).

24. Society: Merchants: Controlled a city’s trade and were the top social class. Small % of population (Similar to Planters of the south). Artisans: Skilled workers who knew how to manufacture goods. (made up roughly half the urban population). (Carpenters, Masons, Blacksmiths, etc…) Unskilled Laborers: People without skilled trades and property. Indentured Servants and Slaves were at the bottom of society.

25. Middle Colonies: This area contained some of North America’s most fertile land. Many farmers sold their surplus for profit. Wheat was the most important cash crop. Wheat Boom: 1700’s in Europe: Population explosion in Europe which increases the demand for American grain. This makes the Middle Colonies prosperous and increases the amount of immigrants.

26. Rivers allowed farmers to transport their products to cities along the Eastern Coast. The cities that had good harbors began to develop rapidly (NYC, Philly: 23,000 people in 1760). Entrepreneurs: Individuals who risked money by buying land, equipment, and supplies that they sold to immigrants for profit. Many entrepreneurs were wealthy.

27. The Imperial System Section 3

28. Mercantilism: Economic principle that states colonies exist for the betterment of the home country. American colonies existed for England. English Mercantilism: They believed that by having more exports than imports, the amount of gold flowing into the country would be greater. Colonies should be established to supply the home country with raw materials so they could produce finished goods.

29. Benefits: Colonies had a reliable market for raw materials and an eager supplier of finished goods. Drawbacks: Mercantilism prevented the colonies form selling their goods to other nations (Supposed to trade only with England). If the colonies produced nothing that England wanted, they could not acquire finished English goods.

30. Navigation Acts: 1660: King Charles II was determined to regulate trade in the colonies. Navigation Acts of 1660: Stated that all goods imported/exported from the colonies must be carried on English ships. It also listed specific goods that the colonies could only send to England. Tobacco, Sugar, Cotton, and Lumber. Most colonists ignored this act because it was difficult for England to enforce.

31. Navigation Act of 1663: Required all goods imported to the colonies must go through English ports. Merchants had to stop, pay taxes, and ship the goods on English ships (Forced monopoly). Colonists continued to ignore laws.

32. Enforcement: 1675: King Charles II created the position of Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations to oversee colonial trade. The committee reported that the colonies ignored the Navigation Acts. 1684: King Charles responded by declaring Massachusetts a Royal Colony.

33. 1686: Dominion of New England was established by King James II (Merged MA. Plymouth, and RI). 1687: Connecticut and New Jersey were forced to join. 1688: NY was added. England did this to try to regulate trade to and from the colonies.

34. Glorious Revolution: Occurred in England 1688. Events that occurred in England will have a profound effect on the colonies. Restrictions on the colonies began in 1660 (Charles II). King James II: Takes over after the death of Charles II. He openly practiced Catholicism which angered English citizens.

35. Problem: English citizens were willing to let James rule (He was old) and his daughter Mary would eventually replace him (Protestant). 1688: James II had a son who will be raised Catholic (He is in line to become king. English Parliament was unwilling to have a Catholic dynasty. They will force James II to leave. William and Mary will be crowned the new English monarchs. This is referred to as the Glorious Revolution because there is no bloodshed.

36. English Bill of Rights Parliament made William and Mary agree on establishing a Bill of Rights. These rights limited the power of the monarchy and listed the guaranteed rights of Parliament and its citizens. Eventually many of these rights were incorporated into American Bill of Rights. This event along with the Glorious Revolution justified a revolt against English colonial control.

37. Example: Boston MA.: English officials were seized and imprisoned. Results: William and Mary lifted some of the restrictions placed on the colonies. Colonies received new charters, elected assemblies, and increased suffrage to all men (some colonies).

38. John Locke: Political philosopher who wrote Two Treatises on Government which was about rights of citizens. Locke asserted that all people are born with certain rights. Life, Liberty, and Property. He believed that the citizens created government, therefore if the government didn’t protect its citizens, they had a right to change it. Locke’s writings were widely read in the colonies and will be used to support the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson will be influenced by Locke.

39. A Diverse Society Section 4

40. Family Life: 1700’s: Population growth due to large families and an increased number of immigrants. Colonial men had greater authority and importance in society. Married women had no legal status (All their possessions became their husbands property after marriage). Colonists suffered from a variety of diseases (Typhoid fever, TB, Cholera, Diphtheria, Scarlet Fever, and Smallpox). Example: 1721: Smallpox epidemic in Boston. Cotton Mather conducts a successful experiment to prevent smallpox.

41. Immigration: Germans: Large number of Germans arrived in PA looking for religious freedom. These immigrants became known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. Many became prosperous farmers. 1775: 100,000 German settlers in PA, 1/3rd of the population.

42. Scotch Irish: Migrated to the colonies to escape rising taxes, poor harvests, and religious discrimination. Many individuals migrated west to the frontier/backcountry. Jewish Immigrants: Most Jews arrived in the colonies seeking an opportunity to practice their religion. They tended to settle in cities and work as artisans/merchants. Many arrived in NYC.

43. Africans: Brought to the colonies to perform manual labor. Plantation owners used brutal means and persuasion to maintain authority over slaves. Slaves developed several ways to combat slavery. Examples: work slowdowns, refusal to work, broke equipment, and burned barns. Some rebelled against planters. Example: Stono Rebellion (SC, 1739): a group of African slaves attacked slave owners (Sunday). Results: Local militia ended the rebellion, killing between 30 to 40 slaves.

44. Stono Rebellion: • The Stono Rebellion- • 1739, 75 Africans gathered along the Steno River. They attacked their white overseers, stole their guns, and raced toward Florida attacking whites in their path. • The local militia would eventually end the rebellion killing between 30 and 40 of the Africans.

45. Enlightenment: European cultural movement that challenged the authority of the church in science and philosophy (Elevates the power of Human reason). Rationalism: The emphasis on logic and reason.

46. Enlightened Writers: John Locke: He argued that all citizens had basic rights (Life, Liberty, and Property) and society could be improved. States that people are born with blank slates and that they can be shaped by society and education. Role of Citizen: Make society better.

47. Jean Jacques Rousseau: French Philosopher. Argued that government and its laws should be created by the people. Spoke out against the monarchs of Europe who limited the rights of the people.

48. Baron Montesquieu: He argues that to protect citizens rights, a government should be separated into branches to create a system of checks and balances. 3 branches: Executive, Legislative, Judicial

49. Great Awakening: Religious movement involving the revival of religion in the colonies. Ministers began to spread the message of God through revivals (Large group meeting for prayer/preaching). All sections of the country experienced revivals (Born Again Christians, Baptists encouraged African American involvement). The idea of having an internal emotional connection with God was a central idea of the Great Awakening.

50. This movement was the last major cultural development in colonies before American Revolution. Results: These movements served to emphasize individualism and supported American political independence. Enlightenment: Provided arguments against the British. Great Awakening: Under minded allegiances with traditional English authority.