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Economic impact of independence

Economic impact of independence. Disruption of civil wars & troop migrations livestock herds & crops depleted mines & plantations deteriorated reductions or end to tribute & slave trade loss of many peninsulares Governments in significant debt ability to collect taxes decreased

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Economic impact of independence

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  1. Economic impact of independence Disruption of civil wars & troop migrations livestock herds & crops depleted mines & plantations deteriorated reductions or end to tribute & slave trade loss of many peninsulares Governments in significant debt ability to collect taxes decreased Hacienda dominance continued little government interference w/rural “caudillos”

  2. Why independence did not spur economic expansion: • No land redistribution to stimulate growth vs. westward expansion in U.S. • Frequent wars & political transitions highly militarized societies civil wars economically disruptive • Little foreign investment, due to instability

  3. Brazilian independence 1808 Portuguese court moved to Rio de J. 1815 King made Brazil a co-kingdom 1820 Portuguese liberals established constitutional monarchy • demanded return of king 1821 King returned to Lisbon; left son in Rio 1822 Pedro declared himself emperor of independent Brazil—bloodless

  4. caudillos politico-military leaders who held power on the national & regional level in mid-19th c. Latin America, before more stable parliamentary government became the norm (c. 1870)

  5. caudillo patronage Local warlords, often of humble provincial origins Spurred by regionalism disconnection between centers & hinterlands Strong men in patron-client networks power outside of formal institutions Exercised personal authority (charisma) Backed by violence & support of lesser caudillos Elections conducted, but largely a fiction votes counted by parties in power, ballots open

  6. Juan Manuel de RosasGov. of Buenos Aires, 1830s-1840s

  7. Domingo Faustino SarmientoArgentine president, 1868-1874

  8. caudillo patronage Caudillo as most powerful person looking out for regional interests Loyalty to him based on personal (family) and regional alliances Votes as a sign of support, rewarded with political positions & legal favors

  9. 19th c. conservatism “political inertia” of colonial elite great landowners, clergy, military officers, heads of merchant houses Favored: centralized government retention of church & military fueros • Distrustful of enlightenment radicalism • Paternalistic toward indigenous & slaves

  10. 19th c. liberalism Enlightenment ideology: individual liberty, rational progress Middle class: provincial landowners, professionals, small merchants Federalist, to aid provincial growth Opposed: clerical and military fueros corporate landholding by church or indigenous • Impressed by U.S. example of capitalist modernization

  11. Mexico 1825-1850 1824 constitution a liberal-conservative compromise • federalist structure (19 states) & 2-house legislature • Catholicism as official religion; fueros maintained 1833 liberal president pushed reforms through Congress • abolished fueros; reduced army • secularized Univ. of Mexico & public schools • infrastructural improvements to provinces 1836 conservative constitution (Lopez de Santa Anna) • restored central gov’t authority & fueros • set high property & income requirements for office holders 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: loss of TX, CA, New Mexico

  12. Central America, 1825-1850 1823 Federal Republic of Central America abolished slavery & fueros promoted free trade 1826-1829 civil war won by liberal reformers 1837-1842 war won by conservatives • aided by indians opposed to land breakup Restored communal property, church authority, tribute & corregidores

  13. Venezuela, 1930s 1820s liberal reforms for Gran Colombia: abolished slavery & tribute expanded education divided communal lands: seized church property to support education 1830s conservative backlash, disintegration: land concentration had increased during wars Venezuelan constitution limited suffrage to literate adult males of high income

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