Ch.16 Sec. 1 The Road to WWI

2. Ch.16 Sec. 1 The Road to WWI • Road to War • Nation state- an independent state inhabited by all the people of one nation and one nation only. • 1.Nationalism- unique culture identity of a people. • Liberals believed that if states were organized along national lines there would be peace. • However this actually led to competition due to trade wars and colonies.

5. Road to WWI • Power Struggles • Germany upset the balance of power set up at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. • The Triple Alliance of 1882- united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. • Triple Entente 1907- united Great Britain, France, and Russia. • 2.Balkans- area located in southeast Europe that was referred to as a “tinderbox waiting for a spark.”

6. Road To WWI • Austria Hungary annexed Serbia which was supported by the Russians. • As war seemed likely, Germany intervenes and the Russians back down. • 3. Internal Dissent- Social labor movements from within countries may have forced some leaders into war. • 4. Militarism- reliance on military strength or growth of mass armies. • Conscription- military draft (R1.3M, F&G 900,000)

7. Summer of 1914 the “SPARK” • Serbia is determined to create a large independent Slavic state. (Austria-Hungary) • Archduke Francis Ferdinand- heir to the throne of A-H who is assassinated by a Serbian terrorist. • Black Hand- Serbian terrorist group responsible for the assassination. • Gavrilo Princip- 19 year old Bosnian who shot both the Archduke and his wife.

10. Response of A-H • A-H wants to attack Serbia but waits to get the backing of Germany. • Germany responds with a “blank check” in full support of A-H • Russia mobilizes its army in order to support Serbia: Germany considers this an act of war. • Germany declares war on Russia due to its mobilization.

11. Sequence of Events: WWI 1914 • Assassination of Archduke June 28 • Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia July 23 • Austria declares war on Serbia July 28 • Russia mobilizes July 29 • German ultimatum to Russia July 31 • Germany declares war on Russia Aug. 1 • Germany declares war on France Aug. 3 • German troops invade Belgium Aug.4 • Great Britain declares war on Germany Aug. 4

13. Ch.16 Sec. 2 “The War” • Schlieffen Plan- Germany’s military plan for WWI, which called for a two front war France & Russia. • Germany could NOT mobilize its army against Russia only under this plan. • Germany declares war on France and issues an ultimatum to Belgium for German troops to pass through. • In turn Great Britain declares war on Germany for violating Belgium’s neutrality.

14. WWI Leaders • Country • Germany • Austria- Hungary • Italy • Great Britain • France • U.S. • Leader • Kaiser Wilhelm II • Emperor Franz Josef I • King Victor Emmanuel III • David Lloyd George • Georges Clemenceau • Theodore Roosevelt

15. 1914 to 1915: Illusions & Stalemate • Propaganda- ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. • Most Europeans are enthusiastic about going to war. • Most of Europe believed the war would be over by Christmas of 1914 . • These dreams and hopes would be shattered once the war begins.

17. War in the West • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan called for a vast encircling movement around Paris. • Battle of the First Marne (Sept.1914)- after this battle the war turns into a stalemate and trench warfare is born. (500,000) • Battle of Somme- allied attack on Western front where 58,000 soldiers died in one day. (R) (1.1M) • The western front is typical associated with trench warfare. • Trenches stretched from the English Channel all the way to Switzerland.

20. Trench warfare • By 1916 the early trenches had become elaborate systems of defense • Trenches were protected by barbed wire, concrete machine gun nests, and mortars. • Soldiers lived in the trenches for months and dealt with the presence of death. • Attacks on trenches rarely worked because they were gunned down in “ no mans land”. • War of attrition- war based on wearing the other side down.

30. Eastern Front • The eastern front was much more mobile but the loss of life was enormous. • Russia moves into eastern Germany but is defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes. • Russia will no longer be a threat to German territory. • Germany and A-H success in the east will allow them to focus more on the Western front.

31. War Expands • Due to the stalemate both sides sought to gain allies who could help them win. • In an effort to weaken German force allies try to open a third front at Gallipoli. • Lawrence of Arabia- British officer who urged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords. • From this the British forces will destroy the rest of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East

32. The U.S. enters WWI • The immediate cause of U.S. involvement grew out the naval war between GB & Germany. • To retaliate against GB blockade Germany uses unrestricted submarine warfare. • Germans accused the British of carrying war supplies using passenger ships. • Lusitania May 7 1915- passenger ship sunk by German U-boats killing some 1100 people. (100) • Unrestricted submarine warfare eventually brought the U.S. in the war in April 1917.

35. Ch.16 Sec.2 cont. • Total War- Complete mobilization of resources and people. • It affect all citizens in the warring countries. • WWI created new roles for women in the workforce. • Women in the workforce would only be temporary as soldiers arrived home. • WWI had a positive impact on women’s rights for social and political freedom.

36. Ch.16 Sec.3 Russia Revolution • After Russia is defeated by Japan they never recover enough for WWI. • Czar Nicholas II-leader of Russia during WWI & when the Bolshevik Revolution occurs. • A series of strikes in Petrograd would be the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917. • Nicholas II loses control of the military and steps down and a provisional government is set up.

37. Cont. • Provisional gov’t was lead by Alexander Kerensky who refused to end the war. • Soviets- councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers. • Bolsheviks- small faction of a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats. • V.I. Lenin- leader of the Bolsheviks • The Bolsheviks believed in violent revolutions and will seize power in this fashion. • Bolsheviks battle cry was “ Peace,Land,Bread”

38. Cont. • Lenin had promised the Russians peace but many people were opposed to the revolution. • Civil War will break out in Russia from groups loyal to the czar with support from the allies. • Bolsheviks or the Communists are successful because they have a single minded sense of purpose. • By 1921 the Communists were in total control of Russia and largely hostile to the Allied powers.

39. Ch.16 Sec.4 Last Year of War • 1917 had gone badly for the allies with the exception of the U.S. entering the war. • With the Russian withdrawal Germany now hoped to end the war victorious. • Second Battle of Marne- Germany last offensive attack on France but its repelled by the allies (American troops) • After this German military leaders inform their leaders the war is lost.

40. Peace Settlements • “ Fourteen Points” -President Wilson’s vision of what he hoped to accomplish with an allied victory in WWI. • Paris Peace Conference- representatives met to make the final settlement on WWI. • It was obvious from the beginning the countries were going to clash over what should happen in Europe. • France and G.B. wanted to make Germany pay heavily for the war. • Reparations- payments to cover the cost of war

41. cont • Treaty of Versailles- final peace settlement of WWI that consisted of five different treaties. • The treaty with Germany was the most important. • Article 231- called the war guilt clause which ordered Germany to pay reparations. • Germans had to reduce its military and lost territory to a new Polish state. • The Treaty of Versailles ironically would lead to the most devastating war the world has seen .