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Yinghe Zhang, Dr David Book, Prof. Rex Harris School of Metallurgy and Materials,

Hydrogen storage in nano-structured graphite: a solution for economic energy storage for low-carbon vehicles and the buffering of renewable energy?. Yinghe Zhang, Dr David Book, Prof. Rex Harris School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, UK. Outline.

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Yinghe Zhang, Dr David Book, Prof. Rex Harris School of Metallurgy and Materials,

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  1. Hydrogen storage in nano-structured graphite: a solution for economic energy storage for low-carbon vehicles and the buffering of renewable energy? Yinghe Zhang, Dr David Book, Prof. Rex Harris School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, UK

  2. Outline • Hydrogen as a fuel for the future • Nanostructured carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage

  3. 1.1 Hydrogen economy

  4. 1.2 Ways to store hydrogen 4 kg hydrogen • Compressed hydrogen • Liquid hydrogen • Solid-state hydrogen storage materials 110l 57l 26l 33l H2 (liquid) Mg2FeH6 LaNi5H6 H2 (200 bar) Issues: weight, cost, reaction kinetics and reversibility Ref.Louis Schlapbach & Andreas Züttel, NATURE, 414, p.353, (2001)

  5. 2.1 Nanostructured graphite made by ball-milling H atoms d-space d’-space • Particle size • Specific surface area • Interlayer distance (d-space) • Defects- intermediate state for H2 storage (a) (b) Ref. [1] Shunsuke MUTO, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 44,2005 [2] Scanning Electron Microscopy secondary mode micrographs of: (a) as-received graphite (b)graphite milled for 40 hours (3 bar H2). 2007

  6. (b) Milling pot and balls (a) Retsch PM400 Planetary Ball Mill. (c) Schematic depicting the ball motion inside the ball mill.

  7. 2.2 Previous Work on Graphite Graphite milled in a hydrogen atmosphere (10 bar) in a ball-mill for 80 hours can absorb7.4 wt% hydrogen1. • However, • release hydrogen at 600 K • it was not reversible • So additions (e.g. LiH, Fe) were introduced2,3 Ref. 1. S. Orimo, et al, Applied physics letters, (1999) 75, 20, 3093 2. T. Ichikawa, et al, Materials Science and Engineering B108 pp138–142 (2004) 3. T. Ichikawa, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 241914 (2005)

  8. 2.3 Results and discussion 10 hours Amount of hydrogen and methane desorbed from graphite milled in hydrogen (3 bar) for various times (0~40 hours). Calculated from Thermal Gravimetric Analysis-Mass spectrometer (TGA-MS) measurement. (WC milling pot, 3bar H2)

  9. The relationship between milling time and average graphene interlayer space (a) (b) (c) High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy image of: (a) as-received graphite; (b) graphite milled for 10 hours and (c) graphite milled for 40 hours (3 bar H2).

  10. 2.4 Conclusion • Hydrogen is a clean and sustainable energy • Nanotechnology is being used to develop graphite for storing hydrogen • Under the conditions used in this study, it was found that the optimum milling time (to maximize the amount of hydrogen stored and minimise methane release) was 10 hours. It was shown that the interlayer distance can be related to the hydrogen storage properties of the milled graphite.

  11. 2.5 Future work • The relationship between the structure of milled graphite and hydrogen storage properties (Raman, EELS) • The effect of additions • The function of impurity

  12. Thank you ! Yinghe Zhang E-mail: zhangyinghe@gmail.com Group Website: http://www.hydrogen.bham.ac.uk

  13. Introduction of Hydrogen Materials Group Head of Group Dr David Book Email: D.Book@bham.ac.uk www.hydrogen.bham.ac.uk

  14. PROTIUM Project: Hydrogen Canal Boat Professor Rex Harris FREng The "Ross Barlow", was officially launched on 21 September 2007 at the Mailbox in the centre of Birmingham BBC Midlands Today: http://tinyurl.com/2hatjh

  15. (a) Effect of Fe1 (b) Effect of Lithium Hydride additions to milled graphite2 Hydrogenation: 10bar, H2, milled grapihte: LiH=2:1 milled for 2 hrs Rehydrogenation: 10bar, H2, for 8 hrs 10bar, H2 , graphite+Fe power 1 atom% milled for 80hrs [1] T. Ichikawa, et al, Materials Science and Engineering B108 pp138–142 (2004) [2] T. Ichikawa, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 241914 (2005)

  16. 3.3 Conclusions • Ball milling of graphite under a hydrogen atmosphere is an effective method of producing nanostructured graphite which is able to store an appreciable amount of hydrogen. • Under the conditions used in this study, it was found that the optimum milling time (to maximize the amount of hydrogen stored and minimise methane release) was 10 hours. It was shown that the interlayer distance can be related to the hydrogen storage properties of the milled graphite. • Nanostructured graphite has potential for use as a low-cost in energy store, for vehicles and stationary hydrogen-energy applications.

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