Born 1162 Died 1227

1. Genghis Khan Born 1162 Died 1227 Alex Fritz

2. Origins • Temujin Burjigin, formally known as Genghis Khan, was born in 1162. This date is rather fuzzy as there was no written language at the time to prove anything. His father’s name was Yesugei and his mother was Ho’elun. Temujin is thought to have been born in Dadal Sum, a village in the Northwest mountains of Mongolia. He is also thought to have died in the same place, although a burial sit has never been found. Province of Dadal

3. Timeline Temujin inherits his father’s title of clan leader at age nine (1171) During 1985-1990, Temujin begins gaining power and unifying the Mongol tribes Temujin’s wife Borte is kidnapped by the Tarter tribe in 1184 Temujin Burjigin is born in 1162 In 1215, Beijing falls to the Mongols In 1210, Genghis Khan begins his assault on the areas around and within Northern China In 1201, Temujin is named the heir to the Ong khanate In 1206, at age 42, Temujin receives the title Genghis Khan In 1222, the Kharezmid Empire is defeated, and Mongol forces continue pushing West In 1225, Genghis Khan returns to Mongolia Genghis Khan dies during a hunting expedition in 1227 In 1219, Genghis travels into Southwest Asia to wage war against the Kharezmid Empire

4. Mongol Society • The Mongols were nomadic tribes of the area North of present day China. Dwellings consisted of felt tents known as ger. The Mongol population consisted of 700,000 nomads. • The Mongol people were considered to be illiterate, and religion was shamanistic. • Mongol farmers herded animals on the plains North of the Gobi Desert as well as in the Siberian forests. • Mongol language is described as Altaic, after the mountains of Northeastern Mongolia, which also means unrelated to Chinese. • Mongol diet consisted mainly of meat, cheeses, and various yoghurts.

5. Conquests of Genghis Khan • Temujin, at age three, learns how to ride a horse as well as fight, as is custom to Mongolian society. • At the age of nine, Temujin was married to Borte, of the Tartar tribe. In the same instance, Temujin’s father was poisoned by another tribe, and Temujin inherited the title as Clan Leader. • In 1185, Temujin forms an alliance with Toghril Ong-Khan, Khan of the Keraits. After proving himself against the Tartar tribe, Ong Khan adopts him as his son. • In 1201, Temujin is named heir to the Ong khanate. • In 1206, at the age of 42, Temujin receives the title of Genghis Khan, or universal ruler.

6. China • In 1210, the Mongols began invading Northern China. The Uighur nation to the South submitted peacefully, leaving the Mongols to attack Tangut in order to obtain treasure with which to pay his soldiers. Also in 1210, the Jin dynasty, who controlled the better part of the Silk Road in Northern China, sent a delegation demanding the submission of the Mongol troops. • The Mongols refused and attacked Northern China in 1211. Making use of divide and conquer techniques, as well as conscripted soldiers, the Mongol army overran Beijing in 1215, forcing the Jurchen (Jin) peoples to submit to paying tribute. • After six years, Genghis returned to Mongolia, bringing with him engineers, musicians, translators, actors, scribes, camels and many Chinese goods including silk, porcelain, iron kettles, armor, perfumes, jewelry, honey, medicines, bronze, silver, and gold.

7. Afghanistan/Persia • In 1219, a Mongol caravan in search of new technologies and weapons was assaulted outside the city of Ortar. • This event prompted Genghis to ride to Transoxiana to wage war against the Kharezmid Empire. • The Mongol forces deployed scare tactics to frighten enemies into surrender. If the enemies would not surrender, they were slaughtered. Eventually, the Mongol invasion reached the Sultan’s capital, where the Kharezmid army surrendered with the fleeing of their ruler. • A force of 150-200 thousand soldiers continued further into Afghanistan where communities would either surrender, often offering food to the soldiers, or were mercilessly slaughtered. In 1222, this invasion force reached the Mediterranean.

8. Middle East/Eastern Europe • While in Persia, a contingent of 40,000 warriors invaded deeper into Azerbaijan and Armenia. • After the fall of these nations, the Mongols defeated the Georgian Crusaders, spending the winter on the Coast of the Black Sea. • A force of 80,000 warriors under Prince Mstitslav of Kiev, met them on their return back to Mongolia in 1223. The battle of Kiev commenced. Faking retreat, the Mongols overcame the Prince’s cavalry and defeated Mstitslav. • In 1225, Genghis returned to Mongolia, where he died in 1227 after being thrown from his horse while hunting.

9. Expansion The orange section represents the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan

10. Summary • Basically, the Mongol Empire expanded rapidly. Upon becoming ruler of the Mongolians, Genghis quickly began attacking rivals in the areas in and surrounding Northern China. Provocation from the East drew him away from these battles, and the conquering of Western Asia, parts of the Middle East, and Eastern Europe ensued. The overall size of the Empire stretched from China in the East to the Mediterranean in the West.

11. Pictures!

12. Leadership of Genghis Khan • To most, Genghis Khan is known as one of the world’s harshest leaders. In fact, the conquests of the Mongols were most often only retaliation against infringing nations. • Genghis Khan was strictly a military leader. Troops were highly disciplined, highly skilled warriors. This helped by the harsh climate and protein-rich diet Mongolian citizens were accustomed to. • Military strategies included scare tactics as well as divide and conquer techniques. Mongol armies always attempted to first force the opponent to surrender rather than outright fighting. Genghis Khan greatly values the lives of his soldiers, so avoiding conflict was key. • The Mongolian army was not allowed to torture or publicly humiliate citizens of conquered nations.

13. Political Achievements • During the times of Temujin’s rise in power, Temujin increasingly emphasized tribal unity. Eventually, under the title of Genghis Khan in 1206, he was able to unite the Mongolian nomads, and form what is currently known as Mongolia. Genghis Khan is considered by most, to this day, to be the founding father of Mongolia. • Genghis Khan introduced written script to Mongolia. Based of the Uighur script, some parts of Mongolia still use this language to this day. • Genghis Khan stimulated religion throughout his empire by declaring freedom of religion. Under this decree, the people were free to practice the religion of their choosing. • Genghis also set up laws preventing local officials and troops from abusing the subjects of his empire.

14. Economic Achievements • Genghis Khan sought the wealth and expansion through caravan trading. These caravans would set out in search for new technologies, as well as weapons for his soldiers. Eventually, caravan trading lead to the conquests of Western Asia and Eastern Europe. • Trade was also expanded using the tributary system. In this system, conquered nations would provide the Mongol leader with goods and wealth in order to receive protection. • Genghis Khan set up a pony express in order to maintain control over the many nations in his empire. Goods, soldiers, and messages could be delivered quickly, and effectively.

15. Impacts of Genghis Khan • The impacts of Genghis Khan’s reign are widespread and lasting. Defense structures like that of the Great Wall of China, were constructed as a result of his invasion. The Great Wall still exists today and is considered one of the seven wonders of the world; a marvel of ancient technology. The desire for technology is what drove Genghis to expand his nation. Genghis had a very strong sense of pride in maintaining the fundamentals of Mongolian society. Technology was used to improve and preserve the traditional Mongolian way of life. The Mongolian way of life was also preserved through political and military tactics. The Mongol army was extremely disciplined. This discipline contributed to a greater sense of cultural and militaristic leadership. The preserving of Mongolian culture was key to the expansion of the Mongolian Empire. Due to the unity of the Mongols, the Mongol army was able to sweep across the globe, conquering all nations in its path.

16. The leadership of Genghis Khan is what led his empire to prosperity. The advanced techniques of Genghis’s military strategies, along with the valuing of his soldiers lives, contributed to his rapid expansion. Battle techniques included scare tactics, divide and conquer strategies, as well as the use of conscripted labor were not seen in other armies of this time period. Through these advanced military tactics, Genghis Khan was able to expand faster, and to a greater extent than any other empire in history. His respect for conquered nations led to increased cooperation, and increased efficiency. Genghis Khan grew in popularity be issuing laws of freedom of religion, as well granting protection to conquered nations. Trade, wealth, and economic security were promoted by these laws. As a result Genghis Khan was and is now still, considered to be the most successful military ruler in history.

17. Bibliography • December 17, Genghis Khan, Google images, http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads/2009/11/genghis-khan.jpg • December 17, Genghis Khan, Google images, http://www.longtochinatravel.com/images/upload/userfiles/14Genghis%20khan.jpg • December 17, Genghis Khan, http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm • December 17, Mongolian Expansion, Google images, http://www.mongolia-attractions.com/ancient_mongolia.html • December 17, Dadal Sum, Google images, http://www.discovermongolia.mn/tours/cultural_tours_and_events/genghis.html • December 17, Birthplace of Genghis Khan, http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/01/010817.Khan.html • December 17, Genghis Khan, http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/mongols/empsub1.html • December 16, Genghis Khan Timeline, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan • Life in Genghis Khan’s Mongolia, Robert Taylor, December 16 • December 18, Mongolian Bow, http://i11.ebayimg.com/01/i/02/c1/f0/c7_1_bl.JPG • December 18, Mongolian Warrior, • http://www.historyofjihad.org/crusades24.jpg • http://mongolianshop.com/images/tugtai.jpg • http://www.newmastersgallery.com/ArtistsT/tseng.htm