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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization Animals are composed of cells Groups of cells with a common structure and function Make up tissues Different tissues make up organs Which together make up organ systems. Tissue Structure and Function

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3

  2. Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization • Animals are composed of cells • Groups of cells with a common structure and function • Make up tissues • Different tissues make up organs • Which together make up organ systems

  3. Tissue Structure and Function • Different types of tissues • Have different structures that are suited to their functions • Tissues are classified into four main categories • Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

  4. Tissues • The human body is composed of four tissue types: • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

  5. Tissues Tissues come from cell differentiation of cells as a Fetus grows. First Three tissues that develop -called Embryological germ layers 1-Ectoderm-forms skin and brain 2-Mesoderm-forms bones and muscle 3-Endoderm-forms digestive organs Each germ layer is responsible for laying down the Four human tissue types. Stem Cells-retain their ability to undergo cell division. They assist further body development and healing later in Life.

  6. Epithelial Tissue • Epithelial tissue • Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body • Contains cells that are closely joined

  7. Types of Epithelial Tissue • Shapes of Epithelial Tissue • Squamous cells- flat cells, make up thin coverings of organs • Cuboidal-cube shaped cells usually associated with structures that produce secretions. • Columnar -tall column shaped are involved in secretions and the uptake of material into the body. Layers of Epithelial Tissue Simple- a single layer of cells Stratified-multilayered cells where there is a lot of wear and tear on the body--skin Pseudostratified-is a single layer but the arrangement gives the impression that it is stratified.-Found in tubes leading to lungs Transitional-occurs where cells change shape from columnar to squamous for stretch and expansion.

  8. EPITHELIAL TISSUE Columnar epithelia, which have cells with relatively large cytoplasmic volumes, are often located where secretion or active absorption of substances is an important function. A simple columnar epithelium • Epithelial tissue A stratified columnar epithelium A pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Stratified squamous epithelia Cuboidal epithelia Simple squamous epithelia Basement membrane 40 µm

  9. Connective Tissue • Connective tissue • Functions mainly to bind and support other tissues • Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

  10. CONNECTIVE TISSUE 100 µm Chondrocytes Collagenous fiber Chondroitin sulfate Elastic fiber 100 µm Cartilage Loose connective tissue • Connective tissue Adipose tissue Fibrous connective tissue Fat droplets Nuclei 150 µm 30 µm Blood Bone Central canal Red blood cells White blood cell Osteon Plasma 700 µm 55 µm

  11. Connective Tissue • Connective tissue-cells are found in a matrix of gel, liquid, protein fibers, or salts. • Common proteinsfound in the matrix • Collagen-for strength • Elastin- for flexability • Reticulum- for support • Classified as • Loose Connective Tissue • Dense Connective Tissue

  12. Types of Connective Tissue • Loose connective tissue • Most abundant • Refers to connective tissue that provides attachment, stabilization, structure, and support for other tissues. • Blood is a type of Loose connective tissue

  13. Dense Connective Tissue • Provides strength (bone and cartilage) • Storage (adipose) • Flexibility (ligaments and tendons)

  14. Muscle Tissue • Muscle tissue • Is composed of long cells called muscle fibers capable of contracting in response to nerve signals • Is divided in the vertebrate body into three types: • skeletal • cardiac • smooth

  15. Smooth Muscle • Involuntary muscle control • Smooth, no striations • Location- linings of blood vessels and tubular organs-stomach, intestines • Perstalsis of substances through internal passageways

  16. Cardiac Muscle • Location -heart muscle • Under involuntary control and striated • Pumps blood in circulatory system

  17. Skeletal Muscle • Large cells with striations • Under voluntary control • Attached to joints and bones for voluntary movement

  18. Nervous Tissue • Nervous tissue • Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal • Composed of two cells types • Neurons-cells that transmit impulses • Neuroglia- not involved in transmission of impulses

  19. Types of Neurons • Motor Neurons • Sensory neurons • Interneurons

  20. Neuroglial cells • Astrocytes- provide organization and support for the nervous system • Oligodendrites- form sheaths called myelin arund nerve fibers-myelin speeds up transmission of nerve impulses • Ependymal cells-secrete fluids that protect the brain • Microglia- believed to maintain the ion balance needed for nerve cell function.

  21. MUSCLE TISSUE 100 µm Skeletal muscle Multiple nuclei Muscle fiber Sarcomere • Muscle and nervous tissue Cardiac muscle 50 µm Nucleus Intercalated disk Smooth muscle Nucleus Muscle fibers 25 µm NERVOUS TISSUE Process Neurons Cell body Nucleus 50 µm

  22. Organs and Systems • Skeletal • Endocrine • Reproductive • Respiratory • Urinary • Cardiovascular • Digestive • Integumentary • Lymphatic • Muscular Organ systems of the human body: Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

  23. Organs and Organ Systems • In all but the simplest animals • Different tissues are organized into organs Organs- a group of tissues that perform some function within an organ system.

  24. Lumen of stomach Mucosa. The mucosa is an epithelial layer that lines the lumen. Submucosa. The submucosa is a matrix of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves. Muscularis. The muscularis consistsmainly of smooth muscle tissue. Serosa. External to the muscularis is the serosa,a thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue. 0.2 mm • In some organs • The tissues are arranged in layers

  25. Representing a level of organization higher than organs • Organ systems carry out the major body functions of most animals

  26. Function of the Organ Systems Cardiovascular-distributes the blood flow needed for proper cell environment. Digestive-provides nutrients to the cells. Integumentary- covers, protects, and provides temperature regulation for the body Lymphatic-helps fight diseases and distribute body fluids Muscular-involved with posture and movement Nervous-coordinates the body and registers environmental factors. Reproductive-reproduction of offspring Respiratory-exchange of atmospheric gases Skeletal-works with muscular system to provide support and movement. Urinary-storing and removing urine from the body

  27. Parts of each organ system • Cardiovascular-heart, arteries, veins, capillaries • Digestive-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands 3. Integumentary-hair, skin, nails 4. Lymphatic-tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen 5. Muscular-skeletal muscles, tendons 6. Nervous-brain, spinal cord • Reproductive- penis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, ductus deferens, testes, • mammary glands, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus 8. Respiratory-nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm 9. Skeletal-bones, cartilage, joints 10. Urinary-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

  28. Wellness and Illness over the Life Span Cell pathology is the basis of understanding dysfunction of the body’s hierarchy. Almost all gross diseases are due to dysfunction of one or more tissues in an organ system. Cellular aging is due to accumulated molecular decay. Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

  29. Pathology of cells Major types of cell pathology can lead to the following conditions: 1- Amyloid deposition-amyloids are a proteinlike substance that can collects in the cells and tissues Thought amyloids are intended to help the cells but cause harm when they build up in the cytoplasm Amyloid proteins are important indicators of cell damage. The cell uses this information to try and correct the cell injury. Alzheimer’s disease is an example of amyloid deposition. 2-Atrophy-is wasting or decrease in size of a cell, tissue, or organ. Undernutrition and blood flow problems are common causes of atrophy 3-Dysplasia-is disorderly growth pattern in a tissue or organ. 4-Dystrophy-means ‘ill-growth’ it involves progressive changes In a tissue that is usually due to malnutrition, undernutrition, or decreased Blood flow.

  30. Fatty change-the accumulation of lipids in the cell due to cell injury. • Hyperplasia-the abnormal multiplication in the number of normal cells • In a tissue (endometriosis) • Hypertrophy -the enlargement of cell size • Metaplasia change to a cell that can lead to cancer • Metastasis the mobility of a cell with metaplasia • Necrosis the death of cells

  31. Fatty change in the liver

  32. Muscle hypertrophy Increase in Cell size Muscle dystrophy Brain atrophy Decrease in cell size

  33. Hip dysplasia Gum hyperplasia Disorderly Growth pattern Abnormal number of cells Endometriosis-uterus lining Overgrows and covers Fallopian Tubes and abdominal cavity

  34. Metastasis

  35. Cellular Aging -Accumulation of molecular decay. Damage to cells is worsened by exposure to hazardous chemicals, Pollution, smoking, radiation, U-V light, viruses, and stress --Cells accumulate years of damage in the cytoplasm over the lifetime of an individual---called Accumulated Cell Damage Eventually these cells will fail at their tasks. --Cells that accumulate too much chemical damage can die prematurely. This type of cell death is a normal cellular process that does not harm nearby cells.

  36. Cells that regularly replicate accumulate a different type of damage. There DNA can be damaged every time they go through mitosis. Deleterious mutations are likely to occur. After replicating hundreds of times, cells of the digestive, respiratory, and integumentary system may perform abnormally due to the accumulation of mutations. Some of these mutations may lead to cancer. Also, every round of mitosis shortens the ends of the chromosomes. Telemeres are the ends of chromosomes. Telemeres do not carry genes. But it is thought that if they are shortened too much it can make the chromosome structure abnormal. This may cause the cell to malfunction or undergo programmed cell death.

  37. Summary Each body part is a piece of a complex organism Each level is dependent on the levels below Components must work together to maintain homeostasis Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

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