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DNA

DNA. What is the shape of DNA?. What is the shape of DNA?. Double Helix. What are the parts of the nucleotide?. What are the parts of the nucleotide?. Phosphate Sugar Base. What is the DNAs job?. What is the DNAs job?. Molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms.

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DNA

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  1. DNA

  2. What is the shape of DNA?

  3. What is the shape of DNA? • Double Helix

  4. What are the parts of the nucleotide?

  5. What are the parts of the nucleotide? • Phosphate • Sugar • Base

  6. What is the DNAs job?

  7. What is the DNAs job? • Molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms

  8. What kind of bonds are there in DNA?

  9. What kind of bonds are there in DNA? • Covalent-appear between the phosphate and the sugar (deoxyribose) • Hydrogen- appear between the nitrogen bases

  10. What are the four bases of DNA?

  11. What are the four bases of DNA? • Thymine • Adenine • Cytosine • Guanine

  12. What is the base pairing rules of DNA?

  13. What is the base pairing rules of DNA? • A=T • C=G

  14. What is the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine?

  15. What is the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine? Pyrimidine- Single ring Purine-Double ring

  16. When do cells replicate?

  17. When do cells replicate? • During S Phase of the cell cycle

  18. What is made during replication?

  19. What is made during replication? • 2 strands of DNA

  20. Why is replication needed?

  21. Why is replication needed? • Replication assures that every cell has a complete set of identical genetic information

  22. What molecules are involved in replication?

  23. What molecules are involved in replication? • DNA molecules • DNA polymerase

  24. Describe the steps in the process

  25. Describe the steps in the process • 1. Enzymes begin to unzip the the double helix along the chromosome. • 2. Floating nucleotides pair with the bases on the template strands. DNA polymerases bond the nucleotides together. • 3. Two identical molecules of DNA result. Each molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one new strand.

  26. Why is replication semi conservative?

  27. Why is replication semi conservative? • One strand of the DNA came from the original molecule and another part is newly formed

  28. Where does transcription happen?

  29. Where does transcription happen? • Transcription happens in the nucleus as DNA converts into an intermediate molecule called RNA

  30. What is made?

  31. What is made? • mRNA is made

  32. What molecules are involved?

  33. What molecules are involved? • DNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) • RNA polymerase

  34. Why is it needed?

  35. Why is it needed? • To create RNA which will make a protein.

  36. Describe the steps of the process

  37. Describe the steps of the process • 1. A transcript ion complex of RNA polymerase recognizes a start of a gene and begins to unwind a segment of DNA • 2. RNA polymerase use one strand of DNA as a template. G pairs with C and A pairs with U • 3. RNA separates from the DNA template

  38. What is a “codon”?

  39. What is a “codon”? • Three nucleotide sequence

  40. What do they code for?

  41. What do they code for? • Amino acids

  42. What is translation? Where does it happen?

  43. What is translation? Where does it happen? • A process that converts or translates mRNA message into a polypeptide • It happens in the cytoplasm on a ribosome.

  44. How is the code read?

  45. How is the code read? • In units of three nucleotides left to right.

  46. What are the steps for translation

  47. What are the steps for translation • 1. Exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA molecule bearing an amino acid. The tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon • 2.Ribosomes form a peptide bond with two amino acids and break the bond with the first tRNA and its amino acid • 3. Ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of the codon. The first tRNA shifts into the exit site where it leaves the ribosome and returns to the cytoplasm to recharge. The first site is empty , exposing the next mRNA codon.

  48. What is produced at the end?

  49. What is produced at the end? • Protein

  50. What things can the product of translation do?

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