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2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license. . The Spread of Homo sapiens. The First Humans. Australopithecines, c. 2-4 million years agoHomo habilis, c. 1-4 million years agoHomo erectus, c. 100,000-1.8 million years ago
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1. The First Civilizations:The People of Western Asia and Egypt
2. The Spread of Homo sapiens
3. The First Humans Australopithecines, c. 2-4 million years ago
Homo habilis, c. 1-4 million years ago
Homo erectus, c. 100,000-1.8 million years ago
Homo sapiens
Neanderthal, c. 100,000-30,000 B.C.E.
Homo sapiens sapiens, c. 200,000 B.C.E. (Map 1.1 of text)
4. The Hunter-Gatherers of the Paleolithic Age Paleolithic Age, c. 2,500,000-10,000 B.C.E.
Nomadic people
Division of labor
Fire, 500,000 years ago
Cave paintings
5. The Development of Agriculture
6. The Neolithic Agriculture Revolution (c. 10,000-4000 B.C.E.) Characteristics: growing plants and domesticating animals
Mesolithic Age (c. 10,000 7000 B.C.E.)
Independent development
Middle East, 8000 B.C.E.
Balkans, 6500 B.C.E.
France, Central Europe, and Coastal Mediterranean, 4000 B.C.E.
Western Asia and Nile Valley of Egypt, 6000 B.C.E.
Northwestern and Central India, 7000-5000 B.C.E.
Southeast Asia and South China, 5000 B.C.E.
North China, 6000 B.C.E.
Mesoamerica, 7000-5000 B.C.E.
7. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution Neolithic farms and villages
Oldest in the Middle East
Shift to systematic agriculture
Consequences
Settled in villages and towns
atal Hyk, 6700-5700 B.C.E.
Walled city
12 cultivated products
Religious shrines Trade
Specialization of crafts
Pottery and baskets
Flint blades
Change in relationship of men and women
Men work in the fields and herding animals
Women care for children and weaving cloth
Fixed dwellings and domestication of animals
Writing
Metalworking
8. The Emergence of Civilization Characteristics of Civilization
Urban focus
Distinct religious structure
New political and military structures
New social structure based on economic power
The development of writing
New and significant artistic and intellectual activity
(Place small picture from text Statues from Ain Ghazal on one side of this space.
Caption to the side of the picture:
Perhaps this is an example of new artistic activity.)
9. The Emergence of Civilization
10. Early Civilizations Around the World Mesopotamia of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Valleys of the Indus River
Yellow River in northern China
Central Asia
Supe River valley of Peru
Why civilization developed?
Challenge and response
Material forces created specialization of labor
Management of water resources
Religion provided unity and purpose
11. The Ancient Near East
12. Civilization in Mesopotamia City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia
Sumerian city-states, c. 3000-2350 B.C.E.
Walls
Temple atop a ziggurat
Gods ruled the cities
Kingship divine in origin
Economy was agricultural
Social groups
Nobles
Commoners
Slaves
13. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia Akkadian Empire, c. 2340-2100 B.C.E.
Semitic people (Table 1.1 of text)
Sargon around 2340 B.C.E. overran the Sumerian cities and established an empire over most of Mesopotamia
Empire falls about 2100 B.C.E.
Amorites (Old Babylonians)
Hammurabi in 1792 B.C.E. creates a new empire
Established a new capital at Babylon
Code of Hammurabi
Strict justice
Penalties according to class
Performance of work
Marriage and the family
Regulations of sexual relations
14. The Culture of Mesopotamia Importance of Religion
Influence of physical environment
Human relationships with the gods
Numerous gods and goddesses
Cultivation of Writing and Sciences
Writing in the form of cuneiform (wedge shaped)
Primarily for record keeping which means retention of knowledge
Communicate important ideas
Literature - Epic of Gilgamesh
Achievements in Math
Based on 60 using combinations of 6 and 10
Geometry to measure fields and erect buildings
Used 60 to chart the heavens
Calendar of 12 lunar months (extra month time to time)
15. The Development Of Cuneiform Writing. This chart shows the evolution of writing from pictographic signs around 3100 B.C.E. to cuneiform signs by about 700 B.C.E. Note that the sign for star came to mean god or sky. Pictographic signs for head and bowl came eventually to mean to eat in their simplified cuneiform version.
16. Egyptian Civilization The Importance of Geography
Nile River flows from central Africa
Nile Delta
Flooding unpredictable
Food surpluses
Natural barriers create isolation
17. The Old and Middle Kingdoms
The Old Kingdom
Upper and Lower Egypt united, 3100 B.C.E.
Old Kingdom, c. 2686-2125 B.C.E.
Divine kingship: the pharaoh
The vizier
Middle Kingdom, c. 2055-1650 B.C.E.
Stability
Concern of the pharaoh for the people
18. The Pyramid at Gizeh
19. Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt Pharaoh surrounded by an upper class of nobles
Merchant class and artisans
Most people worked the lands
20. The Culture of Egypt Spiritual life in Egyptian society
Provided a sense of security and timelessness
Polytheistic with two groups of special importance
Sun gods
Land gods
Egyptian rulers were the Son of Re
The Pyramids
Tombs
Great Pyramid
Art and Writing
Art
Profile, semi-profile, frontal art
Formulaic and stylized
Writing
Hieroglyphics
Means priest carvings or sacred writings
Never developed into an alphabet
21. Chaos and a New Order: The New Kingdom The New Kingdom, c. 1550-1085 B.C.E.
Hyksos
Horse-drawn chariots
Egyptians learned bronze for making farm implements and weapons
Queen Hatshepsut (c. 1503-1480 B.C.E.)
Amenhotep IV (Akhnaton, c. 1364-1347 B.C.E.)
Aten
Sea People drove the Egyptians out of Palestine
Empire ends in 1085 B.C.E.
22. The Temple of Queen Hatesheput in the Valley of King
23. Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage Monogamy and early marriage the norm
Womens property and inheritance remained in her hands
Marriages arranged by parents
Divorce
24. New Centers of Civilization Megalithic structures, 4000 B.C.E.
The Role of Nomadic Peoples
The Impact of the Indo-Europeans
From somewhere in the steppe region north of the Black Sea or in southwestern Asia
One group into Asia Minor and Anatolia around 1750 B.C.E. coalesced with people of the Hittite kingdom
First to use iron
Hittites destroyed by another group of Indo-Europeans
25. The Phoenicians & Children of Israel The Phoenicians
Palestine
Ports of Byblos, Tyre, and Sidon
Traders and colonizers
Alphabet
The Hebrews: the Children of Israel
Semitic-speaking people
Religiously important
Emerge as distinctive people c. 1200 1000 B.C.E.
United Kingdom
Saul (c. 1020 1000 B.C.E.)
David (c. 1000 970 B.C.E.)
Solomon (c. 970-930 B.C.E.)
Control Palestine
Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant
26. Ancient Palestine and the Jewish Kingdoms
27. The Divided Kingdom Division into the kingdom of Israel with its capital at Samaria and Judah with its capital at Jerusalem
Assyrians destroyed Samaria in 722 B.C.E. and overran the kingdom of Israel
Ten tribes of the Kingdom of Israel were dispersed and disappeared
Two tribes of Judah survived only to face new enemies
Chaldeans defeated the Assyrians and destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E.
Many upper class people of Judah deported to Babylon
Persians destroyed the Chaldean kingdom
People of Judah allowed to return to Jerusalem
28. The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel Monotheistic
Yahweh: Omnipotent, just, and good
Expected goodness from his people or they would be punished
Was not removed from the life he created
Three aspects of Jewish religion: Covenant, law, the prophets
29. The Rise of New Empires The Assyrian Empire
Use of iron weapons, create an empire by 700 B.C.E.
Ruled by kings with absolute power
System of communication
Well organized army -- infantrymen and war chariots
Use of terror
30. The Assyrian and Persian Empires
31. Persian Empire Babylon fell to the Persians in 539 B.C.E.
Indo-European people
Cyrus (559-530 B.C.E.)
Empire stretched from Asia Minor in the west to western India in the east
Demonstrated considerable wisdom and compassion
Cambyses (530-522 B.C.E.)
Darius (521-486 B.C.E.)
32. Civil Administration and the Military Divided into 20 provinces
Satraps collected tribute, responsible for justice and security
System of communication
Royal Road
All subjects were the kings servants
Professional army of international contingents
Cavalry and infantry
Isolation of the later kings
33. Persian Religion Zoroaster
Zoroastrianism
Monotheistic
Ahurmazda, the creator and only god
Opposed by an evil spirit: Ahriman
Gave all humans free will and the power to chose between right and wrong
Each soul faced final evaluation to determine if you go to paradise or an abyss
34. Discussion Questions Why is the term Neolithic or new stone age misleading?
How did the advent of settled agriculture change human society?
Why were city-states at the center of the early stages of civilization?
Compare and contrast the Assyrian and Persian approaches to governing an empire.