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Learn about the characteristics and types of groups and teams, approaches to working in teams, problem-solving communication, and effective communication strategies. Discover how to foster creativity, encourage optimal cohesion, and promote desirable norms in group settings.
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PART FOUR Working in Groups
Chapter 8 Working in Teams • Chapter Summary • Characteristics of Groups and Teams • Types of Groups and Teams • Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams • Problem-Solving Communication • Effective Communication in Groups and Teams
Characteristics of Groups and Teams Characteristics of Groups • Size • Interaction • Interdependence • Duration • Identity
Characteristics of Groups and Teams What Makes a Group a Team? • Clear and Inspiring Shared Goals • Results-Driven Structure • Competent Team Members • Unified Commitment Continued...
Characteristics of Groups and Teams What Makes a Group a Team? • Collaborative Climate • Standards for Excellence • External Support and Recognition • Principled Leadership
Types of Groups and Teams • Face-to-Face Teams • Virtual Teams
Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Centralized Leadership • Trait Approach • Style Approach • Contingency Approaches • Leadership Emergence
Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Self-Directed Work Teams • When to Use Self-Directed Teams • Characteristics of Self-Directed Teams • Technical or Functional Expertise • Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Skills • Interpersonal Skills Continued...
Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Self-Directed Work Teams • Shared Power in Groups • Position Power • Coercive Power • Reward Power • Expert Power • Referent Power • Information Power • Connection Power Continued...
Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Self-Directed Work Teams • Functional Perspective • Functional Roles • Task Roles • Relational Roles
Problem-Solving Communication Systematic Problem Solving • Define the Problem • Analyze the Problem • Establish Criteria for a Solution • Consider Possible Solutions to the Problem • Decide on a Solution • Implement the Solution • Follow Up on the Solution
Problem-Solving Communication Stages in Group Problem Solving • Orientation Phase • Conflict Phase • Emergence Phase • Reinforcement Phase
Problem-Solving Communication Stages in Group Problem Solving Figure 8-2: Cyclical Stages in an Ongoing Group
Problem-Solving Communication Decision-Making Methods • Consensus • Majority Vote • Minority Decision • Expert Opinion • Authority Rule • Choice of a Decision-Making Method Continued...
Problem-Solving Communication Decision-Making Methods • Choice of a Decision-Making Method • What Type of Decision is Being Made? • How Important is the Decision? • How Much Time is Available? • What Are the Personal Relationships Among Members?
Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Recognize Both Group and Personal Goals • Sometimes an individual’s goal in a group is identical to the shared goal of the group. • Problem’s occur when an individual’s goal conflicts with the group. • See Table 8-3: Group Process Variables Associated with Productivity
Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Promote Desirable Norms • Enforcing Norms of the Group or Team • Delaying Action • Hinting About the Violation • Discussing the Problem Openly • Ridiculing and Deriding the Violator • Rejecting or Isolating the Deviant Continued...
Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Promote Desirable Norms • Create Desirable Norms Early • Comply with Established Norms Whenever Possible
Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Promote an Optimal Level of Cohesiveness • Shared or Compatible Goals • Progress Towards Goals • Shared Norms or Values • Minimal Feelings of Threat Among Members • Interdependence Among Members • Competition from Outside the Group • Shared Group Experiences
Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Avoid Excessive Conformity • Illusion That the Group is Invulnerable • Tendency to Rationalize or Discount Negative Information • Willingness to Ignore Ethical or Moral Consequences of the Group’s Decision • Stereotyped Views of Other Groups • Group Pressure to Conform • Self-Censorship • Illusion of Unanimity • “Mindguards”
Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Encourage Creativity • Conduct a Warm-Up Session • Generate Possible Solutions • Eliminate Duplicate Ideas • Evaluate Ideas