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Ocean Zones (shoreline to open ocean)

Ocean Zones (shoreline to open ocean). Intertidal Zone Neritic Zone Oceanic Zone Benthic Zone. Intertidal Zone. Neritic Zone. Oceanic Zone. Sunlight. Continental Shelf. Benthic Zone. Intertidal Zone. Area between high tide line and low tide line

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Ocean Zones (shoreline to open ocean)

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  1. Ocean Zones(shoreline to open ocean) • Intertidal Zone • Neritic Zone • Oceanic Zone • Benthic Zone

  2. Intertidal Zone Neritic Zone Oceanic Zone Sunlight Continental Shelf Benthic Zone

  3. Intertidal Zone • Area between high tide line and low tide line • Organisms adapted to harsh, changing environments Intertidal Zone Continental Shelf

  4. Neritic Zone • Area over the continental shelf • Area of greatest density and diversity of marine life Neritic Zone Continental Shelf

  5. Oceanic Zone • From the continental break out to open ocean Oceanic Zone Continental Shelf

  6. Benthic Zone • The Ocean Floor • Underlies all the other zones Benthic Zone

  7. Lifestyles • 3 Basic Lifestyles: • Plankton • Nekton • Benthos

  8. Plankton • Floaters or very poor swimmers • Plankton divided into 2 groups: • Phytoplankton – producers, photosynthesizers • Zooplankton – consumers

  9. Plankton • Meroplankton • Spend only part of their life cycles as plankton • Are the larval stages of organisms that grow to become benthic or nektonic organisms • Holoplankton • Spend their entire life cycles as plankton

  10. Phytoplankton • Must live in the photic zone • Most abundant in shallow coastal areas or in upwelling zones • The basis of the oceanic food web

  11. Phytoplankton • Cyanobacteria • Diatoms • Coccolithophores • Dinoflagellates

  12. Zooplankton • Foraminifers • Radiolarians • Cnidarians • Combjellies • Arthropods • Larvae

  13. Zooplankton

  14. Nekton(swimmers) • Free swimmers • Maneuver actively in the water column • Found in the water column from surface to ocean floor

  15. Nekton(swimmers) • 5 Categories: • Reptiles • Mammals • Fish • Arthropods • Mollusks

  16. Nekton(swimmers) • Marine Reptiles: • Turtles • Snakes • Crocodiles • Iguanas

  17. Nekton(swimmers) • Marine Mammals: • Whales • Seals • Otters • Manatees • Dolphins

  18. Nekton(swimmers) • Bony Fish: • Tuna • Barracuda • Eels • Angler Fish

  19. Nekton(swimmers) • Cartilaginous Fish • Sharks • Rays • Skates • Chimeras

  20. Nekton(swimmers) • Marine Arthropods • Shrimp • Mollusks • Squid • Octopi

  21. Benthos(bottom dwellers) • Live either burrowed in, resting on, or attached to the bottom • Primarily filter feeders, scavengers or deposit feeders

  22. Benthos(bottom dwellers) • 2 Basic Types: • Sessile - Live attached to the bottom • Vagrant - Able to move about

  23. Benthos(bottom dwellers) • Sessile: • Barnacles • Sponges • Corals • Sea Anemones • Oysters • Clams

  24. Benthos(bottom dwellers) • Vagrant: • Crabs • Sea Stars • Sea Cucumbers • Sea Urchins • Brittle Stars

  25. Supralittoral- splash, spray, high tide to dunes area • This area can have tidal pools • Organisms must adapt to change in temp, salinity, moisture and force of waves

  26. Supralittoral- splash, spray, high tide to dunes area • -organisms must cope with exposure to extreme heat/cold, predation by land animals and sea birds. • -dry for most of the time but sprayed with salt water during high tides • -only flooded during storms and high spring tides • -barnacles, isopods, lice, periwinkles, whelks and very little plant life

  27. Intertidal- littoral, sub littoral, swash, low tide, shallow water -depths can go as deep as 100-300meters depending of clarity of water. -ton of plant and animal diversity -sea stars, anemones with suction cups that help stick to rocks

  28. Intertidal- littoral, sub littoral, swash, low tide, shallow water -always covered by water -sunlight is able to reach the ocean floor -plants and animals are able to withstand movement of waves -barnacles, tube worms, crabs, shrimp, limpets -depth can be as deep as 5-10m-100% light -characterized by an abundance of sunlight, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients -ton of diversity and large populations -temperatures vary greatly. Animals must adapt.

  29. Rocky vs Sandy Rocky -Organisms can quickly dry out -Creatures must adapt to waves and have structures to help hold them onto the rocks. Sandy -Climate can vary greatly and many are very hot in harsh weather. -

  30. Rocky vs Sandy • Rocky • Usually wet and almost completely covered in rocks. • Creatures must be able to adapt to cling, live in crevices, scratch or chip away at rocks. • Speckled or dark with hard shells • Sandy • Creatures must be able to adapt to areas of really dry times. • Must be able to burrow or use structures to keep from being pulled out to sea. • -tend to be lighter for camo

  31. Epipelagic • Sunlit zone, Euphotic zone (true light) • Surface to 200m • 90% of diversity and density in ocean • Coloration is huge in survival (Countershading, Camo, Disruptive coloration) • Predators, Suspension eaters/Filter feeders, Primary Producers • Schooling or shooling is a main defense • Widely varied temps depending on air above • Common creatures: Sharks, crabs, fish, jellyfish, algae, corals, sponges, sea stars, octopus, squid, krill, plankton….

  32. Epipelagic • Also called euphotic zone (True light) • Surface to 600 ft or 200m deep • 90% of ocean life / Most diversity and density • Warmer temperatures in most areas • Food is abundant in this zone • Not many hiding places off shore • Creatures have many colors • Many dependent on phytoplankton • Sharks, jellyfish, stingrays, colorful fish, octopus, corals, • Photic zone, Sunlit zone, only area to receive full sun rays • Creatures must be creative to avoid predation here

  33. Mesopelagic • Twilight zone, disphotic zone • Dark, very few wavelengths of light, colder temps • Very large eyes to take in all possible light • Bioluminescence- creatures make their own light or have bacteria that emit light. • No need to be colorful. Tend to be clear, black, red, or dark. • Many creatures migrate up to feed at night. • Larger eyes, mouth, jaws, and stomach. • Increased pressure in this zone.

  34. Mesopelagic • Twilight zone, Disphotic zone 200-1000m • Bioluminescence- create their own light or have bacteria/protists in pockets that light up. • Expandable jaws, stomachs, and larger eyes (catch all rays of light) • Not diversity and density • Much colder and increasing pressure • Many creatures swim up to epipelagic at night to feed on plankton • Clear, black, dark, red coloration for camo • No plant life, very few wavelengths of sunlight this deep

  35. Bathy(al)pelagic -100-4000m deep -5800psi Immense pressure -Midnight or aphotic zone -Less diversity and less density in life -No plants -No sunlight at all -Hard to find mates so there are unique reproduction adaptations -Bathye means deep

  36. Abysso/Hadalpelagic • -Very similar adaptations to Midnight zone/ Bathyalpelagic • -Deepest regions and trenches of ocean • No swim bladder due to pressure, most jellylike substance • Bioluminescence • Some creatures evolve gigantism • Very large mouths, stomachs, teeth turned inward • No need for color so most are clear, white, red, black • Little effort spent hunting, they wait for food. Some have lures

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